Copper chelation therapeutics

ABSTRACT

Bacterial strains are provided having at least one enhanced mechanism to sequester, bind, precipitate, chemically oxidize or reduce copper ions or other toxic divalent transition metals. The bacteria may also have optional copper resistance mechanisms. The bacteria reduce the amount of available copper to tissues, which may be cancerous tissues, and reduce tumor growth, angiogenesis and/or metastasis, or tissues subject to excess copper due to host defects in copper metabolism. The bacteria are useful for treatment of neoplastic diseases including solid tumors and lymphomas, as well as Wilson&#39;s Disease, Menke&#39;s Disease, and possible Alzheimer&#39;s Disease, Parkinson&#39;s Disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) from, and is a non-provisional of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/895,961, filed Sep. 4, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/817,970, filed Mar. 13, 2019, each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is generally in the field of live bacteria, and use thereof, for the treatment of disease associated with excess heavy metals, or the treatment of which benefits from reduction in heavy metals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Citation or identification of any reference herein, or any section of this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present application. The disclosures of each of these publications and patents are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety in this application, and shall be treated as if the entirety thereof forms a part of this application. Such references are provided for their disclosure of technologies to enable practice of the present invention, to provide basis for claim language, to make clear applicant's possession of the invention with respect to the various aggregates, combinations, and subcombinations of the respective disclosures or portions thereof (within a particular reference or across multiple references). The citation of references is intended to be part of the disclosure of the invention, and not merely supplementary background information. The incorporation by reference does not extend to teachings which are inconsistent with the invention as expressly described herein, and is evidence of a proper interpretation by persons of ordinary skill in the art of the terms, phrase and concepts discussed herein, without being limiting as the sole interpretation available.

Copper is a transition metal important in biology. Tisato, Francesco, Cristina Marzano, Marina Porchia, Maura Pellei, and Carlo Santini. “Copper in diseases and treatments, and copper-based anticancer strategies.” Medicinal research reviews 30, no. 4 (2010): 708-749.

The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals include mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) are also heavy metals, though with some beneficial biological activity at normal environmental concentrations.

See, www.lenntech.com/processes/heavy/heavy-metals/heavy-metals.htm; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal; Tchounwou, Paul B et al. “Heavy metal toxicity and the environment.” Experientia supplementum (2012) vol. 101 (2012): 133-64. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.

Copper is found in all living organisms and is a crucial trace element in redox chemistry, growth and development. It is important for the function of several enzymes and proteins involved in energy metabolism, respiration, and DNA synthesis, notably cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate oxidase, and tyrosinase. The major functions of copper-biological molecules involve oxidation-reduction reactions in which they react directly with molecular oxygen to produce free radicals. Therefore, copper requires tightly regulated homeostatic mechanisms to ensure adequate supplies without any toxic effects. Overload or deficiency of copper is associated, respectively, with Wilson disease (WD) and Menkes disease (MD), which are of genetic origin. Therapies based on metal supplementation with copper histidine or removal of copper excess by means of specific copper chelators are currently effective in treating MD and WD, respectively. Copper chelation therapy is now attracting much attention for the investigation and treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's Disease. An excess of copper appears to be an essential co-factor for angiogenesis. Moreover, elevated levels of copper have been found in many types of human cancers, including prostate, breast, colon, lung, and brain. On these bases, the employment of copper chelators has been reported to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of several types of cancers as anti-angiogenic molecules. More recently, mixtures of copper chelators with copper salts have been found to act as efficient proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers, specifically in cancer cells. Moreover, following the worldwide success of platinum(II) compounds in cancer chemotherapy, several families of individual copper complexes have been studied as potential antitumor agents. These investigations, revealing the occurrence of mechanisms of action quite different from platinum drugs, head toward the development of new anticancer metallodrugs with improved specificity and decreased toxic side effects.

Copper is a micronutrient essential to all organisms living in oxygen-rich environments. It is a redox-active metal that easily switches from the reduced Cu(I) to oxidized Cu(II) oxidation state or vice-versa both in conventional bench chemical reactions and in physiological conditions. With these accessible changes in redox state, copper can coordinate a variety of ligands including carboxylate oxygen, imidazole nitrogen, cysteine thiolate, and methionine thioether sulfurs, and less common phosphine phosphorus. In biology, copper is crucial for the function of several enzymes and proteins involved, among others, in energy metabolism, mitochondrial respiration (e.g. cytochrome oxidase; Cco), antioxidation (e.g. Zn,Cu-superoxide dismutase; SOD), collagen cross-linking (e.g. lysil oxidase), pigmentation (e.g. tyrosinase), and catecholamine biosynthesis (e.g. dopamine-b-monooxygenase). I The major functions of copper compounds involve oxidation-reduction reactions in which copper containing biological molecules react directly with molecular oxygen to produce free radicals. For this reason, free cellular copper concentrations are maintained at extremely low levels. Copper homeostasis in living organisms is actually highly regulated by both transcriptional control and selective transport mechanisms through a conserved group of proteins that contain unique cysteine-, methionine- and histidine-rich domains.

Altered levels of copper are associated with disease states, as established in the case of MD and WD, which are characterized by a deficiency or an overload of copper in the organism, respectively. The abnormal accumulation of copper by cancer cells might prove to be a distinguishing characteristic of transformed vs. healthy cells that can be targeted by novel chemotherapeutic agents.

Moreover, there is now increasing evidence that, among others, altered metal homeostasis may be involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Protein-metal interactions appear to play a critical role in protein aggregation and are therefore likely to provide a link between the accumulation of aggregated proteins, oxidative damage of the brain, and neuronal cell loss in an age-dependent manner. Copper is also implicated in Creutzfeldt-Jakob (prion) disease whereas recent studies emphasize the role of copper, iron, and zinc as contributors to both amyloid Ab assembly in vitro and the neuropathology of Alzheimer disease (AD). Furthermore, coordination environments for copper(II) complexes in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid Ab peptide, and prion protein have been very well characterized by several biophysical and structural studies.

These chelating agents may work as metal scavengers, for instance to remove copper excess in local districts to prevent angiogenesis, mimicking the copper chelation approach utilized in the treatment of WD. Copper chelators may be also combined with copper salts to generate mixtures of the so-called “organic copper compounds” capable to either remove excess of copper and promote proteasome inhibition followed by apoptosis or discrete copper complexes may be employed directly as anticancer metallodrugs, resembling the behavior of the current clinically used cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin), but likely adopting different cytotoxic mechanisms.

A diverse variety of copper-containing metalloenzymes occurs in plants and animals. They are utilized for electron transfer (azurin, plastocyanin, laccase), for oxygenation reactions (tyrosinase, ascorbate oxidase), and for oxygen transport (hemocyanin). Copper-containing metalloproteins and enzymes may contain Cu(I) d10, Cu(II) d9, and Cu(III) d8 ions. A relatively high redox potential for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) system is found in copper enzymes, most of them working between 10.25 and 10.75 V. This high potential can be utilized for a direct oxidation of certain substrates, easy to oxidize, such as superoxide in SOD, ascorbate in ascorbate oxidase and catechols in tyrosinase or in laccases. During the few C—H bond oxidations by copper enzymes such as those catalyzed by dopamine b-hydroxylase, containing a mononuclear active Cu site, or by tyrosinase, containing a dinuclear Cu site, an intermediate copper peroxo Cu—OOH or Cu(O₂)Cu complex, in which the bound peroxide is highly activated has been suggested to be the oxidizing reagent.

Copper, like many other essential metals, becomes toxic when it is allowed to rise above relatively low concentration levels. This simple fact has required the development of quite sophisticated mechanisms able to control and regulate copper levels in the cell and in the different organs. The distribution of copper in the cell involves entry and exit mechanisms as well as specific pathways that ensure that this essential enzymatic co-factor is delivered to its required targets. The identification of many of the elements involved in this network has only recently been achieved, but the current picture is still partial.

The first systematic investigations on the basis of copper entry into eukaryotic cells were performed in the nineties on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Researchers identified the proteins that mediate copper transport, CTR1 and CTR3, which constitute the first members of a widely conserved family of high affinity copper transporters, then recognized in plants, and mammals. All these proteins contain many copper-coordinating residues, notably histidine, cysteine, and methionine. Human copper transporters (hCTR1) contain three transmembrane segments with amino and carboxyl termini located on opposite sides of the plasma membrane. An extracellular amino-terminal domain contains 66 amino acid residues with a series of four histidine-rich and methionine-rich sequences, an intracellular loop of 46 amino acid residues (poorly conserved among various species), an intramembrane domain consisting of the three transmembrane segments, and a relatively short carboxyl-terminal tail of 15 amino acids that ends in His-Cys-His, a putative metal binding site. Recently, experimental evidence that CTR1 has a homotrimeric organization in the membrane was provided, also suggesting that a central pore is formed by transmembrane helices in the trimer. CTR1 transports copper with high affinity in a time-dependent and saturable manner. Copper is delivered to the extracellular histidine-rich N-terminal domain of CTR1 where it is driven into a pore; once there, the metal ion traverses the pore and exits at the inner surface, perhaps bound at the carboxyl terminus for delivery to its target protein.

Metal-trafficking proteins should bind their cargo ions tightly enough to prevent adventitious reactions or easy release of the ions, but this coordination environment has also to allow for metal transfer to the target. In this light, it is not surprising that such trafficking proteins often make use of uncommon coordination chemistry. If we consider copper-binding sites in proteins from the broader perspective of inorganic chemistry, the number of amino acid functional groups that may bind copper ions is rather limited. The list includes the cysteine thiolate, the histidine imidazole, the carboxylate group of aspartate and glutamate, the methionine thioether and, much less frequently, the serine or tyrosine hydroxyl groups, the deprotonated peptide amide nitrogen or the N-terminal amine. Although the protein-based ligand set seems limited, these biopolymers possess complex architectures that can tune coordination sites to achieve exquisite selectivity and proper affinity.

Studies concerning metal concentrations reveal that, for example, Escherichia coli concentrate Zn and Fe to about 100 mM, whereas Cu, Mo, and Mn are maintained in the 10 to 100 mM range. Therefore, many transition metals are really abundant in the cell, but they are usually confined in the copious number of metalloproteins having high metal ion affinity or in small molecules responsive to the changing metabolic needs of the cell. In the complex cellular copper-trafficking machinery, the continuous interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic factors is driven by the intimate coordination chemistry of each family of copper sites in several proteins ensuring an extremely low level of free metal in the cell. Disruptions to normal copper homeostasis are evident in three human genetic disorders: MD, occipital horn syndrome (OHS), and WD. Each disease results from the absence or dysfunction of homologous copper transporting ATPases. The responsible gene for MD and OHS is the ATP7A gene, whereas the ATP7B gene is responsible for WD. ATP7A is expressed in most tissues other than liver, whereas ATP7B is expressed predominantly in the liver and also in several types of neoplastic cells. Recently, ATP7A and ATP7B were found to be involved in drug resistance. A relationship between the expression of ATP7A and ATP7B in malignant cells and cisplatin resistance has been confirmed by clinical studies. ATP7A-overexpressing cells exhibited elevated resistance to a variety of anticancer drugs including CPT-11 (7-ethyl10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin) and its active metabolite SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin), vincristine, paclitaxel, etoposide, doxorubicin, and mitoxantron. It seems that ATP7A confers multidrug resistance to cancer cells by modulating drug cellular localization in the Golgi apparatus and by enhancing drug efflux.

Copper has also been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AD, and the prion-mediated encephalopathies. Genetic disorders of the proteins involved in the copper machinery have long been known, and related diseases caused by deficiency (MD) or accumulation (WD) of the metal are now under pharmacological treatment.

Menkes Disease, also called the kinky hair disease or Menkes kinky hair syndrome is a fatal X-linked disorder caused by diverse mutations in a copper-transporter gene, ATP7A (often called the Menkes protein). The ATP7A gene (chromosome location Xq12-q13, OMIM 309400) codes for a P-type ATPase that is responsible for excretion of copper from cells and delivery of the metal to enzymes in the trans-Golgi (TG) network.

Historically, the treatment of MD required subcutaneous or intravenous administration of copper salts. Later, the identification of the copper-histidine system in normal human serum and the knowledge gained from the studies of its chemistry and physiological significance led to treatment of MD by copper-histidine formulations. Although most of copper in normal human serum is bound to Cp, but in a not-exchangeable form, the formation of the albumin-copper-histidine ternary complex provides the actual carrier necessary for the regulation and control of copper transport across the cell membrane.

Wilson Disease, or hepatolenticular degeneration, first described by the American neurologist Samuel Wilson in 1912, is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper transport involving accumulation of copper in the liver and brain of affected individuals. WD is caused by a defect in the ATP7B gene (chromosome location 13q140.3-q21.1 OMIM: 277900) that codes for a copper transport gene required for copper excretion via the bile. In patients affected by WD liver copper levels rise and serum Cp levels decrease because of the diminished function of the ATP7B protein, which is directly involved in the vesicular pathway of hepatic copper transport from the liver to bile canaliculi. Pathologic manifestations include liver failure, tremors, slurred speech, and other neurological impairments. The age of onset for WD ranges from 5 years to mid-50s, with age 17 considered to be the average age a diagnosis is made, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 30-40,000 people worldwide.

Treatment of WD consists on orally administered pharmacological agents. It is generally agreed that patients with symptoms or signs of hepatic insufficiency or chronic active hepatitis with or without neurologic manifestations should be offered chelation therapy with D-penicillamine (D-Pen; Cuprimine, Depen), trientine hydrochloride (trien; Syprine) or tetrathiomolybdate (TM). After adequate treatment with a chelator stable patients may continue with a lower dose of a chelating agent or shifted to treatment with zinc salts.

Neurodegeneration is a complex and multifaceted process that leads to many chronic disease states. Among the factors that underlie neurodegeneration (genetic, environmental, biological, metabolic, autoimmunity, ageing) the role played by intrinsic neurotoxins such as metals and excitatory amino acids are under continuous scrutiny. Protein aggregation and oxidative-stress-induced damage represent a recurring phenomenon in all the pathologies, notably in AD, Parkinson (PD), and prion diseases. Several functions that eventually lead to neurodegeneration appear to be induced and/or mediated by metals thus rendering chelation therapy a sensible strategy. The interesting feature of a suitable chelating agent would be the ability firstly to scavenge the free redox-active metal present in excess in the brain to form a nontoxic metal complex, which is then excreted, and secondly to cap the metal at its labile binding site preventing any mediated toxic action.

Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive neurodegeneration disease characterized by extra cellular deposition of Ab peptides in senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated t protein in neuronal cells as neurofibrillary tangles. Potentially toxic Ab peptides are generated from the copper-binding APP, which is actively involved in balancing copper concentration in cells. The N-terminus copper binding domain (CuBD-I) of APP shows structural homology to the CuBD of Cu chaperons binding Cu with nanomolar affinity. PD, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. One of the pathological hallmarks of PD and related synucleinopathies is the presence of intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies that consist of aggregates of the presynaptic soluble 140 amino acids protein a-synuclein (AS). Since this discovery, the process of AS aggregation has been proposed to underlie dopaminergic degeneration in PD. Altered metal homeostasis has been described as an important cofactor in the progression of PD. Analogously, copper has been implicated in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

An attractive advancement in the field of AD treatment with copper chelators has recently been proposed by Meunier et al. They have linked two 8-OHQ monomers with a methylene carbon chain in order to increase the affinity of the chelate toward divalent metal ions including Cu(II) and Zn(II). The resulting tetradentate, poly-hydroxyquinoline ligands (P-OHQ) proved to be 10000 times more efficient in metal complexation than the corresponding 8-OHQ monomer. These chelates have been evaluated as potential metal-chelating agents in the treatment of AD.

In a recent study, it has been suggested that P-OHQ chelates can dissolve Ab-deposits (in particular the most toxic Ab1-42 peptide) by removing copper from the amyloid aggregates. P-OHQ ligands can also inhibit the production of H₂O₂ induced by the copper-Ab1-42 complexes and involved in the toxicity of the peptide.

By using a diametrically opposite approach, other researchers observed that increased Cu levels were shown to reduce Ab peptides production in APP transgenic mouse models. They consequently speculated that Cu intake might stabilize cognitive decline in AD patients.

The remarkable metabolic changes that have long been known to occur in cancer cells have been associated, among other factors, with copper handling and copper utilizing proteins. Since the discovery that respiratory capacity is down-regulated in many cancer cell types, mechanisms underlying this metabolic switch continue to be investigated. A number of copper-dependent roles in angiogenesis have been proposed, but the range of functions important for efficient angiogenesis that requires copper is still under scrutiny. Potent copper chelators as TM or 8-OHQ utilized as copper scavengers in the cure for WD have been reported to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of several types of cancers as antiangiogenic and anticancer molecules.

Moreover, mixtures constituted by the combination of copper(II) salts and specific copper chelators have been shown to suppress proliferation and clonogenicity of different types of human cancer cells. And since the seventies, a great variety of copper complexes including classes of therapeutic ligands, such as thiosemicarbazones (TSCs), imidazoles, phosphines, etc., have been proposed as potential anticancer agents.

Angiogenesis is the process that generates new blood vessels from the existing vascular bed. Generally, this phenomenon occurs under strict control in particular phases of the life and in specific actions such as embryonic and postembryonic development, reproductive cycle, and wound repair. Persistent upregulated angiogenesis is a signal of a pathological condition as it happens, among others, in the case of arthritis and atherosclerosis, and, notably, in solid tumor progression and metastasis. Tumors are therefore dependent on angiogenesis for their growth, invasion, and metastasis, an idea first proposed by Folkman in the seventies. In this connection, it has been shown that tumors cannot grow larger than 1 to 2 mm³ without forming new blood vessels.

In 1980, it was also postulated that copper played a significant role in angiogenesis. In particular, researchers found that three copper-binding proteins Cp, heparin, and glycyl-L-hystidyl-L-lysine were essential factors for angiogenesis in the cornea of rabbit's eyes. Moreover, results from cell culture studies showed that copper could stimulate proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells. Specifically copper, but not other transition metals, was found to be a co-factor required for several angiogenic mediators including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-8, which are essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. Copper also increases the affinity with which angiogenin, a potent angiogenic molecule, binds to high-affinity endothelial receptors. Based on these copper-mediated findings, significant efforts were undertaken aiming at the control of the angiogenesis process by means of the regulation of the copper levels. Obviously, copper chelators utilized in WD were first checked as anti-angiogenic drugs. Trien and D-pen were used to treat mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts showing significant inhibition of the tumor growth associated with suppression of tumor angiogenesis. Analogously, TM displayed encouraging anti-angiogenic and antitumor effects in animal models bearing human squamous cell carcinoma xenografts. TM was then selected for clinical trials in humans. In a Phase I study, patients having metastatic cancer were administrated with TM. The copper chelator was found to be nontoxic since when serum Cp level was reduced to 15-20% of baseline and, contemporarily, the hematocrit was maintained higher than 80% of baseline. In a following Phase II clinical trial, 34 patients with cytoreduced malignant pleural mesothelioma underwent treatment with TM (180 mg/day) for 34 days. In all these patients the level of Cp was reduced from 4572 to 1372 mg/dl and VEGF decreased significantly from an average of 2086 to 1250 pg/ml. Studies in the field of medicinal inorganic chemistry have established a link among proteasome inhibition, copper and cancer.

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U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,678,667; 6,703,050; 7,189,865; 7,758,898; 7,888,389; 8,163,494; 8,168,180; 8,815,823; 8,815,945; 9,255,271; 5,023,237; 5,039,529; 5,145,838; 5,164,367; 6,441,009; 6,610,693; 6,703,050; 6,855,340; 6,897,243; 6,951,890; 6,962,698; 7,169,605; 7,189,865; 7,312,078; 7,344,881; 7,416,741; 7,429,489; 7,438,931; 7,459,446; 7,601,525; 7,655,225; 7,758,898; 7,816,403; 7,851,505; 7,855,075; 7,888,389; 7,893,289; 7,928,094; 8,034,799; 8,202,724; 8,852,888; 8,987,244; 9,012,180; 9,226,984; 9,339,479; 9,402,911; 9,409,971; 9,458,222; 20020114789; 20030087830; 20040009237; 20040019087; 20040019102; 20040138103; 20040229796; 20040259945; 20050031595; 20050058720; 20050118150; 20050147694; 20050159364; 20050196423; 20050214262; 20060040980; 20060147512; 20060148891; 20060160805; 20060210647; 20070248689; 20070292533; 20070298030; 20070298122; 20080003301; 20080031817; 20080031975; 20080118519; 20090004158; 20090068705; 20090123565; 20100216775; 20100312139; 20110045589; 20110151022; 20120034674; 20120035110; 20130237511; 20130251630; 20140303109; 20150018525; 20150056657; 20160074373; 20160108160; 20160158392; 20160220500; and 20160287554.

Cancer or neoplastic diseases including solid tumors, lymphomas, leukemias or leukemic bone marrow, is a devastating condition of uncontrolled cell growth, which often has the ability to spread throughout the body (metastases) resulting in death. Tumor-targeted bacteria offer tremendous potential advantages for the treatment of solid tumors, including the targeting from a distant inoculation site and the ability to express therapeutic agents directly within the tumor (Pawelek et al., 1997, Tumor-targeted Salmonella as a novel anticancer agent, Cancer Research 57: 4537-4544; Low et al., 1999, Lipid A mutant Salmonella with suppressed virulence and TNF-alpha induction retain tumor-targeting in vivo, Nature Biotechnol. 17: 37-41).

YS1646 is a highly attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium carrying mutations in the msbB (LPS) and purl (purine biosynthesis pathway) genes that was originally developed as a possible cancer therapeutic (Toso, 2002). Although its development was halted when it failed to provide any benefit in a large phase I trial in subjects with advanced cancers, possibly due to sensitivity to physiologic levels of CO2 (Karsten, 2009), it was safe when administered at doses of up to 1.0×10⁹ intravenously (Chen, 2009). See, Pawelek, Low, and Bermudes, 2003. Salmonella as an Anticancer Agent. Lancet Oncology Reviews, 4: 548-556.

Tumor-targeted bacteria, especially those derived from wild type samples, are typically capable of producing a chronic infection without strong acute response. That is, these bacteria seem to have evolved to avoid triggering a debilitating immune response in the host while at the same time establishing long term colonization of tissues, in the case of tumor targeting bacteria, tissues which may include necrotic regions. According to some evolutionary theories, the attenuated host response to these bacteria may result from a survival benefit for the host in permitting the colonization. Indeed, there are at least anecdotal reports of successful eradication of tumors by bacterial therapy. This implies that bacteria derived from these strains can be pharmaceutically acceptable, for administration through various routes of administration.

The primary shortcoming of tumor-targeted bacteria investigated in the human clinical trials (Salmonella strain VNP20009 and its derivative TAPET-CD; Toso et al., 2002, Phase I study of the intravenous administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to patients with metastatic melanoma, J. Clin, Oncol. 20: 142-152; Meir et al., 2001, Phase I trial of a live, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (VNP20009) administered by direct Intra-tumoral (IT) injection, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20: abstr 1043); Nemunaitis et al., 2003, Pilot trial of genetically modified, attenuated Salmonella expressing the E. coli cytosine deaminase gene in refractory cancer patients, Cancer Gene Therapy 10: 737-744) was that no significant antitumor activity was observed, even in patients where the bacteria was documented to target the tumor. In addition, an important factor was also that bacterial colonization of tumors, both in the form of the percentage of tumors that were colonized and amount of the bacteria that accumulated within the tumors, was usually lower compared to the preclinical studies using mice. One method of increasing the ability of the bacteria to expand their numbers within tumors is to kill tumor cells by engineering the bacteria to express conventional bacterial toxins (e.g., WO2009/126189, WO2003/014380, WO2005/018332, WO2008/073148, US 2003/0059400, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,452,531, 7,354,592, 6,962,696, 6,923,972, 6,863,894, 6,685,935, 6,475,482, 6,447,784, 6,190,657 and 6,080,849).

In recent years, live attenuated Salmonella has been increasingly used to express foreign antigens against infectious diseases and cancers. Salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen that replicates in a unique membrane-bound host cell compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole. Although this location limits exposure of both Salmonella and foreign proteins produced by the bacterium to the immune system, the organism's type III secretion systems (T3SS) can be exploited to translocate heterologous antigens into the host cell cytoplasm. Salmonella enterica encodes two distinct T3SS within the Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-I and SPI-II) that become active at different phases of infection. The SPI-I T3SS translocates effector proteins upon first contact of the bacterium with epithelium cells through to the stage of early cell invasion. In contrast, SPI-II expression is induced when the bacterium has been phagocytosed. Several effector proteins translocated by these T3SSs have been tested in the promotion of heterologous antigen expression in Salmonella-based vaccine development programs but how effector protein-mediated secretion of heterologous antigens affects immune responses is still poorly understood. The T3SS secretion system is discussed in U.S. 2019/0055569, 2010/0120124, 2012/0021517, 2015/0359909, U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,951,340, and 6,306,387. Some bacterial pathogens comprise a type three secretion system (T3SS), which serves as a needle-like system for delivering bacterial polypeptides (effectors) into host cells. These effector polypeptides typically contribute to the virulence of the bacterial cell. In contrast, commensal microbes have not been described to comprise a T3SS.

A T3SS is a multi-protein structure found in gram negative bacteria. It moves polypeptides from the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell through the interior of the T3SS “needle” into the cytoplasm of a target cell. T3SS's are found in pathogenic strains and have been observed in pathogenic isolates of, e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli, Burkholderia, Yersinia, Chlamydia, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Ralstonia, Rhizobium, Vibrio, and Xanthamonas. Further discussion of T3SS's can be found, e.g. in Izore et al. Structure 2011 19:603-612; Korotkov et al. Nature Rev. Microbio. 2012 10:336-351; Wooldridge, K. (ed) Bacterial Secreted Proteins. Caster Ac. Press 2009; Snyder & Champness (eds.) Mol. Gen. of Bacteria. 3rd Ed. ASM Press: 2007.

The suite of T3SS-related proteins in a given wild-type cell is typically divided into structural proteins (those proteins which form the needle itself), substrate proteins (those proteins which are transported through the needle to the host), and chaperones (those proteins that bind effectors in the cytoplasm to protect, process, and/or shuttle the effectors to the needle). As used herein, a “functional T3SS” refers, minimally, to the set of structural proteins which are required in order to transfer at least one polypeptide to a target cell. A functional T3SS system can comprise one or more chaperone proteins, e.g., two, three, or four, substrates which are not virulence factor (e.g. certain translocators). A functional T3SS may avoid having a virulence factor which is delivered to the target cell.

As used herein, a “virulence factor” refers to those substrates which affect and/or manipulate a target cell in a manner which is beneficial to infection and deleterious to the target cell, i.e. they perturb the normal function of the target cell. Examples of actions of virulence factors include, but are not limited to, modulation of actin polymerization, induction of apoptosis, modulation of the cell cycle, modulation of gene transcription. Not all substrates are necessarily virulence factors. By way of non-limiting example, a T3SS (and a functional T3SS) can comprise proteins referred to as translocators. These substrates are secreted by the T3SS as it nears a complete form and create a pore in the target cell membrane, allowing further substrates to be delivered into the cytoplasm of the target cell, i.e. translocators are substrates in that they travel through the needle to the target cell and are also structural proteins in that they form part of the structure through which other substrates are delivered into the target cell. A single polypeptide can be both a translocator and a virulence factor (e.g. IpaB of Shigella). A functional T3SS system can be introduced into a non-pathogenic bacterial cell.

Homologs of any given polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence can be found using, e.g., BLAST programs (freely available on the world wide web at blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), e.g. by searching freely available databases of sequence for homologous sequences, or by querying those databases for annotations indicating a homolog (e.g. search strings that comprise a gene name or describe the activity of a gene). The homologous amino acid or DNA sequence can be at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, identical to a reference sequence. The degree of homology (percent identity) between a reference and a second sequence can be determined, for example, by comparing the two sequences using freely available computer programs commonly employed for this purpose on the world wide web.

Examples of T3SS secretion signals and chaperone-binding domains are known in the art, see, e.g. Schmitz et al. Nat Methods 2009 6:500-2; which described the signals and domains of Shigella effectors. Additional examples are known in the art, e.g. Sory et al. PNAS 1995 92:11998-20002. A T3SS signal may reduce the activity of the non-T3SS signal portion of the T3SS-compatible polypeptide once it is delivered to the target cell. The T3SS-compatible polypeptide can comprise a cleavage site after the T3SS signal sequence. The cleavage site may be a site recognized by an endogenous component of the target cell, e.g. a calpain, sumo, and/or furin cleavage site. Instead of a cleavage site, the T3SS-compatible polypeptide can comprise an ubiquitin molecule after the T3SS signal sequence such that the ubiquitin molecule and the sequence N-terminal of it is removed from the remainder of the polypeptide by a eukaryotic target cell. The first amino acid C-terminal of the ubiquitin molecule can be a methionine.

Promoters, i.e., genetic regulatory elements that control the expression of the genes encoding the therapeutic molecules described above that are useful in the present technology, and may include constitutive and inducible promoters. A preferred constitutive promoter is that from the vector pTrc99a (Promega). Preferred inducible promoters include the tetracycline inducible promoter (TET promoter), colicin promoters, sulA promoters and hypoxic-inducible promoters including but not limited to the PepT promoter (Bermudes et al., WO 01/25397), the arabinose inducible promoter (AraBAD) (Lossner et al., 2007, Cell Microbiol. 9: 1529-1537; WO/2006/048344) the salicylate (aspirin) derivatives inducible promoter (Royo et al., 2007, Nature Methods 4: 937-942; WO2005/054477), or a quorum-sensing (autoinduction) promoter Anerson et al., 2006 Environmentally controlled invasion of cancer cells by engineered bacteria, J. Mol. Biol. 355: 619-627.

A single promoter may be used to drive the expression of more than one gene, such as an antigen and a protease inhibitor. The genes may be part of a single synthetic operon (polycistronic), or may be separate, monocistronic constructs, with separate individual promoters of the same type used to drive the expression of their respective genes. The promoters may also be of different types, with different genes expressed by different constitutive or inducible promoters. Use of two separate inducible promoters for more than one antigen or other effector type peptide allows, when sufficient tetracycline, arabinose or salicylic acid is administered following administration of the bacterial vector, their expression to occur simultaneously, sequentially, or alternatingly (i.e., repeated). An inducible promoter is not required, and a constitutive promoter may be employed. Promoters, i.e., genetic regulatory elements that control the expression of the genes encoding the therapeutic molecules described above that are useful and may include constitutive and inducible promoters. A preferred constitutive promoter is that from the vector pTrc99a (Promega). Preferred inducible promoters include the tetracycline inducible promoter (TET promoter), colicin promoters, sulA promoters and hypoxic-inducible promoters including but not limited to the PepT promoter (Bermudes et al., WO 01/25397), the arabinose inducible promoter (AraBAD) (Lossner et al., 2007, Cell Microbiol. 9: 1529-1537; WO/2006/048344) the salicylate (aspirin) derivatives inducible promoter (Royo et al., 2007, Nature Methods 4: 937-942; WO2005/054477), or a quorum-sensing (autoinduction) promoter Anerson et al., 2006 Environmentally controlled invasion of cancer cells by engineered bacteria, J. Mol. Biol. 355: 619-627.

-   Clairmont C, Lee K C, Pike J, Ittensohn M, Low K B, Pawelek J,     Bermudes D, Brecher S M, Margitich D, Tumier J, Li Z, Luo X, King I,     Zheng L M. 2000. Biodistribution and genetic stability of the novel     antitumor agent VNP20009, a genetically modified strain of     Salmonella typhimurium. The Journal of infectious diseases     181:1996-2002. -   Galen J E, Buskirk A D, Tennant S M, Pasetti M F. 2016. Live     Attenuated Human Salmonella Vaccine Candidates: Tracking the     Pathogen in Natural Infection and Stimulation of Host Immunity.     EcoSal Plus 7. -   Gerlach R G, Hensel M. 2007. Salmonella pathogenicity islands in     host specificity, host pathogen-interactions and antibiotics     resistance of Salmonella enterica. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr     120:317-327. -   Haselbeck A H, Panzner U, Im J, Baker S, Meyer C G, Marks F. 2017.     Current perspectives on invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease.     Curr Opin Infect Dis 30:498-503. -   Hayashi F, Smith K D, Ozinsky A, Hawn T R, Yi E C, Goodlett D R, Eng     J K, Akira S, Underhill D M, Aderem A. 2001. The innate immune     response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5.     Nature 410:1099-1103. -   Hindle Z, Chatfield S N, Phillimore J, Bentley M, Johnson J,     Cosgrove C A, Ghaem Maghami M, Sexton A, Khan M, Brennan F R,     Everest P, Wu T, Pickard D, Holden D W, Dougan G, Griffin G E, House     D, Santangelo J D, Khan S A, Shea J E, Feldman R G, Lewis D J. 2002.     Characterization of Salmonella enterica derivatives harboring     defined aroC and Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III     secretion system (ssaV) mutations by immunization of healthy     volunteers. Infect Immun 70:3457-3467. -   Jepson M A, Clark M A. 2001. The role of M cells in Salmonella     infection. Microbes Infect 3:1183-1190. -   Karsten V, Murray S R, Pike J, Troy K, Ittensohn M, Kondradzhyan M,     Low K B, Bermudes D. 2009. msbB deletion confers acute sensitivity     to CO₂ in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that can be     suppressed by a loss-of-function mutation in zwf. BMC Microbiol     9:170. -   Panthel K, Meinel K M, Sevil Domenech V E E, Trilzsch K,     Russmann H. 2008. Salmonella type III-mediated heterologous antigen     delivery: a versatile oral vaccination strategy to induce cellular     immunity against infectious agents and tumors. International journal     of medical microbiology: IJMM 298:99-103. -   Prisco A, De Berardinis P. 2012. Memory immune response: a major     challenge in vaccination. Biomol Concepts 3:479-486. -   Toso J F, Gill V J, Hwu P, Marincola F M, Restifo N P,     Schwartzentruber D J, Sherry R M, Topalian S L, Yang J C, Stock F,     Freezer L J, Morton K E, Seipp C, Haworth L, Mavroukakis S, White D,     MacDonald S, Mao J, Sznol M, Rosenberg S A. 2002. Phase I study of     the intravenous administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium     to patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of clinical oncology:     official journal of the American So. of Clin. Oncology 20:142-152. -   Xiong G, Husseiny M I, Song L, Erdreich-Epstein A, Shackleford G M,     Seeger R C, Jackel D, Hensel M, Metelitsa L S. 2010. Novel cancer     vaccine based on genes of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2. Int J     Cancer 126:2622-2634.

Much research has been performed on bacterial therapies and bacterial delivery vectors. For example, tumor targeting bacteria offer tremendous potential advantages for the treatment of solid tumors, including the targeting from a distant inoculation site and the ability to express therapeutic agents directly within the tumor (Pawelek et al., 1997, Tumor-targeted Salmonella as a novel anticancer agent, Cancer Research 57: 4537-4544; Low et al., 1999, Lipid A mutant Salmonella with suppressed virulence and TNF-alpha induction retain tumor-targeting in vivo, Nature Biotechnol. 17: 37-41). However, the primary shortcoming of tumor-targeted bacteria investigated in the human clinical trials (Salmonella strain VNP20009 also known as YS1646, and its derivative TAPET-CD; Toso et al., 2002, Phase I study of the intravenous administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to patients with metastatic melanoma, J. Clin, Oncol. 20: 142-152; Meir et al., 2001, Phase I trial of a live, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (VNP20009) administered by direct Intra-tumoral (IT) injection, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20: abstr 1043); Nemunaitis et al., 2003, Pilot trial of genetically modified, attenuated Salmonella expressing the E. coli cytosine deaminase gene in refractory cancer patients, Cancer Gene Therapy 10: 737-744) is that no significant antitumor activity has been observed, even in patients where the bacteria was documented to target the tumor. One method of increasing the ability of the bacteria to kill tumor cells is to engineer the bacteria to express conventional bacterial toxins (e.g., WO2009/126189, WO2003/014380, WO2005/018332, WO2008/073148, US 20030059400 U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,452,531, 7,354,592, 6,962,696, 6,923,972, 6,863,894, 6,685,935, 6,475,482, 6,447,784, 6,190,657, 6,080,849, 8,241,623, 8,524,220 8,771,669, and 8,524,220).

Use of secreted proteins in live bacterial vectors has been demonstrated by several authors. Holland et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,830) have illustrated the use of fusions with the C-terminal portion of the hemolysin A (hlyA) gene, a member of the type I secretion system. When co-expressed in the presence of the hemolysin protein secretion channel (hlyBD) and a functional TolC, heterologous fusions are readily secreted from the bacteria. The type I secretion system that has been utilized most widely, and although it is currently considered the best system available, is thought to have limitations for delivery by attenuated bacteria (Hahn and Specht, 2003, FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 37: 87-98). Those limitations include the amount of protein secreted and the ability of the protein fused to it to interfere with secretion. Improvements of the type I secretion system have been demonstrated by Sugamata and Shiba (2005 Applied and Environmental Micobiology 71: 656-662), using a modified hlyB, and by Gupta and Lee (2008 Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 101: 967-974), by addition of rare codons to the hlyA gene. Fusion to the gene ClyA (Galen et al., 2004, Infection and Immunity, 72: 7096-7106 and Type III secretion proteins have also been used. Surface display has been used to export proteins outside of the bacteria. For example, fusion of the Lpp protein amino acids 1-9 with the transmembrane region B3-B7 of OmpA has been used for surface display (Samuelson et al., 2002, Display of proteins on bacteria, J. Biotechnology 96: 129-154). The autotransporter surface display has been described by Berthet et al., WO/2002/070645.

Other heterologous protein secretion systems utilizing the autotransporter family can be modulated to result in either surface display or complete release into the medium (see Henderson et al., 2004, Type V secretion pathway: the autotransporter story, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68: 692-744; Jose, 2006 Applied Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69: 607-614; Jose J, Zangen D (2005) Autodisplay of the protease inhibitor aprotinin in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333:1218-1226 and Rutherford and Mourez 2006 Microbial Cell Factories 5: 22). For example, Veiga et al. (2003 Journal of Bacteriology 185: 5585-5590 and Klauser et al., 1990 EMBO Journal 9: 1991-1999), demonstrated hybrid proteins containing the b-autotransporter domain of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) protease of Neisseria gonorrhea. Fusions to flagellar proteins have been demonstrated. The peptide, usually of 15 to 36 amino acids in length, is inserted into the central, hypervariable region of the FliC gene such as that from Salmonella muenchen (Verma et al. 1995 Vaccine 13: 235-24; Wu et al., 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4726-4730; Cuadro et al., 2004 Infect. Immun. 72: 2810-2816; Newton et al., 1995, Res. Microbiol. 146: 203-216). Multihybrid FliC insertions of up to 302 amino acids have also been prepared (Tanskanen et al. 2000, Appl. Env. Microbiol. 66: 4152-4156). Trimerization of antigens and functional proteins can be achieved using the T4 fibritin foldon trimerization sequence (Wei et al. 2008 J. Virology 82: 6200-6208) and VASP tetramerization domains (Kühnel et al., 2004 PNAS 101: 17027-17032). The multimerization domains are used to create, bi-specific, tri-specific, and quadra-specific targeting agents, whereby each individual agent is expressed with a multimerization tag, each of which may have the same or separate targeting peptide, such that following expression, surface display, secretion and/or release, they form multimers with multiple targeting domains. Other secretion systems include C-terminal fusions to the protein YebF (Zhang et al., 2006, Extracellular accumulation of recombinant proteins fused to the carrier protein YebF in Escherichia coli, Nat Biotechnol 24: 100-104), which is commercially available as a kit (pAES40; AthenaES, Baltimore, Md.). Fusions to OmsY and other proteins are also capable of secreting proteins into the medium (Zian et al., 2008, Proteome-Based Identification of Fusion Partner for High-Level Extracellular Production of Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli, Biotechnol Bioengineer 101: 587-601). Other secretions systems include that of Kotzsch et al. 2011 (A secretory system for bacterial production of high-profile protein targets, Protein Science 20: 597-609) using OmpA, OmpF, YebF and OsmY, or those described by Yoon et al., 2010 (Secretory production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, Recent Patents on Biotechnology 4: 23-29, See, US 20040005695; 20046673569; 20060270043; 20067094579; 20070287171; 20080064062; 20080076157; 20080166757; 20080166764; 20080182295; 20080193974; 20080206814; 20080206818; 20080254511; 20080280346; 20080280346; 20090011995; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,470,719; 5,508,192; 5,824,502; 5,989,868; 6,083,715; 6,309,861; 6,329,172; 6,455,279; 6,596,509; 6,596,510; 6,605,697; 6,642,027; 6,828,121; 6,852,512; 6,861,403; 6,919,198; 6,921,659; 7,052,867; 7,056,732; 7,070,989; 7,105,327; 7,112,434; 7,202,059; 7,202,059; 7,202,059; 7,202,059; 7,291,325; 7,410,788; 7,491,528; EP1068339; EP1270730; EP1402036; EP1407052; EP786009; EP866132; WO2006017929; WO2008089132; and WO2009021548.

Salmonella are also encompassed that are, for example, attenuated in virulence by mutations in a variety of metabolic and structural genes. The technology therefore may provide a live composition for treating cancer comprising a live attenuated bacterium that is a serovar of Salmonella enterica comprising an attenuating mutation in a genetic locus of the chromosome of said bacterium that attenuates virulence of said bacterium and wherein said attenuating mutation is a combinations of other known attenuating mutations. Other attenuating mutation useful in the Salmonella bacterial strains described herein may be in a genetic locus selected from the group consisting of phoP, phoQ edt, cya, crp, poxA, rpoS, htrA, nuoG, pmi, pabA, pts, damA, met, cys, pur, purA, purB, purI, purF, leu, ilv, arg, lys, zwf, aroA, aroB, aroC, aroD, serC, gua, cadA, rfc, rjb, rfa, ompR, msbB, pfkAB, crr, glk, ptsG, ptsHI, manXYZ and combinations thereof. The strain may also contain a mutation known as “Suwwan”, which is an approximately 100 kB deletion between two IS200 elements. The strain may also carry a defective thioredoxin gene (trxA-; which may be used in combination with a TrxA fusion), a defective glutathione oxidoreductase (gor-) and optionally, overexpress a protein disulfide bond isomerase (DsbA). The strain may also be engineered to express invasion and/or escape genes dyA, dyC patI and pld from Rickettsia, whereby the bacteria exhibit enhanced invasion and/or escape from the phagolysosome (Witworth et al., 2005, Infect. Immun. 73:6668-6673), thereby enhancing the activity of the effector genes described below. The strain may also be engineered to be deleted in an avirulence (anti-virulence) gene, such as zirTS, grvA and/or pcgL, or express the E. coli lac repressor, which is also an avirulence gene in order to compensate for over-attenuation. The strain may also express SlyA, a known transcriptional activator. The Salmonella strains may be msbB mutants (msbB-). The strains may be msbB- and Suwwan. The strains may be msbB-, Suwwan and zwf-. Zwf has recently been shown to provide resistance to CO2, acidic pH and osmolarity (Karsten et al., 2009, BMC Microbiology August 18; 9:170). Use of the msbB zwf genetic combination is also particularly preferred for use in combination with administered carbogen (an oxygen carbon dioxide mixture that may enhance delivery of therapeutic agents to a tumor). The strains may be msbB-, Suwwan, zwf- and trxA-. The strains may be msbB-, Suwwan, zwf-, trxA- and gor-.

SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Reduced Copper Availability for Tumor Growth

Copper chelation has been shown to have clinical effects on cancer. See:

-   Garber, 2015, Targeting copper to treat breast cancer, Science 349:     128-129; Haas 2008; Cancer grows on SODI, SciBX I (18): 1-3). -   Fatfat et al., 2014, Copper chelation selectively kills colon cancer     cells through redox cycling and generation of reactive oxygen     species, BMC Cancer, 21:14:527; -   Antoniades et al., 2013, Is copper chelation an effective     anti-angiogenic strategy for cancer treatment? Med Hypotheses     81:1159-63; -   Liang et al., 2012, Mechanistic basis for overcoming platinum     resistance using copper chelating agents, Mol Cancer Ther. 11     (11):2483-94; -   Yoo et al., 2012, Copper chelation enhances antitumor efficacy and     systemic delivery of oncolytic HSV, Clin Cancer Res. 18(18):4931-41; -   Tisato et al., 2010, Copper in diseases and treatments, and     copper-based anticancer strategies, Med Res Rev. 30(4):708-49; -   Khan and Merajver 2009, Copper chelation in cancer therapy using     tetrathiomolybdate: an evolving paradigm, Expert Opin Investig     Drugs, 18(4):541-8; -   Lowndes et al., 2009, Copper chelator ATN-224 inhibits endothelial     function by multiple mechanisms, Microvasc Res 77(3): 314-26; -   Lowndes et al., 2008, Phase I study of copper-binding agent ATN-224     in patients with advanced solid tumors, Clin Cancer Res.     14(22):7526-34; -   Finney et al., 2009, Copper and angiogenesis: unravelling a     relationship key to cancer progression, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol     36(1):88-94; -   Gupte and Mumper, 2007, Copper chelation by D-penicillamine     generates reactive oxygen species that are cytotoxic to human     leukemia and breast cancer cells, Free Radic Biol Med 43(9):1271-8; -   Omota et al., 2005, Copper chelation with tetrathiomolybdate     suppresses adjuvant-induced arthritis and inflammation-associated     cachexia in rats, Arthritis Res Ther 7(6):R1174-82; -   Lowndes and Harris 2004, Copper chelation as an antiangiogenic     therapy, Oncol Res 14(11-12):529-39; -   Daniel et al., 2004, Copper storage diseases: Menkes, Wilsons, and     cancer, Front Biosci 9:2652-62; Camphausen et al., 2004, Evaluation     of chelating agents as anti-angiogenic therapy through copper     chelation, Bioorg Med Chem, 12(19):5133-40; -   Camphausen et al., 2003, Evaluation of copper chelation agents as     anti-angiogenic therapy, Bioorg Med Chem 11(19):4287-93; -   Sproull et al., 2003, Antiangiogenic therapy through copper     chelation, Expert Opin Ther Targets, 7(3):405-9; U.S. Pat. No.     9,255,271, Compositions and methods for treating tumors, fibrosis,     and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; -   U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,815,945, 8,815,823, 8,168,180, 8,163,494,     7,888,389, 7,758,898, 7,189,865, 6,703,050, and 4,678,667.

Bacterial metabolites such as methanobactin have previously been recognized for their ability to chelate copper, and that they therefore have a therapeutic potential (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,932,052; 8,735,538, 7,199,099; Lichtmannegger et al., 2016, Methanobactin reverses acute liver failure in a rat model of Wilson disease, J Clin Investigation, 126: 2721-2735). The presence of siderophores in probiotic bacteria such as the Nissle 1917 has also been suggested for their ability to take up iron (U.S. Pat. No. 8,859,256, Method for detecting replication or colonization of a biological therapeutic).

However, it has not been suggested that a live therapeutic bacterium could be engineered to express a heterologous copper-chelating agent that would have a therapeutic effect against tumors. Furthermore, live therapeutic bacteria require attenuating mutations that limit their pathogenesis, whereas bacterial acquisition of metal ions such as copper is considered essential for pathogenesis (e.g., Tesio 2012, Chelating copper to be virulent, ChemViews, Aug. 6, 2012). In addition, means to mitigate the toxicity of copper chelation by a therapeutic bacterium to the bacterium itself have not been suggested. The present technology provides appropriately attenuated bacteria that chelate copper through expression of heterologous copper chelating agents, are resistant to copper, and have therapeutic effects against cancer.

The present technology provides compositions and methods to reduce the availability of copper to cancer cells, endothelial cells, cancer associated and tumor stromal cells. Reduction in copper availability, alone or in combination, results in an overall decrease in copper availability through 1) copper sequestration, including binding, chelating or internalizing copper, 2) locally precipitating copper, and/or 3) oxidizing or reducing copper into a form that cannot be utilized by cancerous cells, cancer associated cells or endothelial cells.

The compositions or genetically engineered bacteria may comprise at least one of

1) bacteria capable of expression, including over-expression of one or more copper binding proteins that reduces availability of copper for cancerous cells, cancer associated cells or endothelial cells,

2) bacteria capable of expression, including over-expression of genes that encode a copper binding siderophore such as yersiniabactin (Koh and Henderson 2015, Microbial copper-binding siderophores at the host-pathogen interface. J. Biol. Chem 290: 18967-18974; Pfeifer et al., 2003, Biosynthesis of yersiniabactin, a complex polyketide-non-ribosomal peptide, using Escherichia coli as a heterologous host, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 6698-6702; Miller et al., 2002, Yersiniabactin synthetase: A four-protein assembly line producing the non-ribosomal peptide/polyketide hybrid siderophore of Yersinia pestis. Chemistry & Biology 9: 333-344) including but not limited to yersiniabactin homologues from pathogenic E. coli UT189, or methanobactins (Kenney and Rosenzweig 2013, Genome mining for methanobactins, BMC Biology 2013, 11:17), including but not limited to methanobactins from, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b; Photorhabdus and other species (P. luminscens sub. Laumondii TT01, V. caribbenthicus BAA-2122, G. oboediens 174bp2, Gluconacetobacter sp. SXCC-I, Azospirillum sp. B510, Methylobacterium sp. B34, Azospirillum sp. B506, P. fluorescens NZ17, P. extremaustrahs 14-3 sub. 14-3b, C. basilensis B-8, T. mobilis KA081020-065, Methylocystis sp. SC2, M. rosea SV97T, M. parvus OBBP, ctg3 Methylosinus sp. LW3, v2 Bioreactormetagenome PBDCA2, M. trichosporium OB3b, Methylosinus sp. LW3, v1 Methylosinus sp. LW4, M. parvus OBBP, ctg41) and those described by Ghazouani et al., 2012 (Variations in methanobactin structure influences copper utilization by methane-oxidizing bacteria, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 8400-8404; M. hirsute CSC1 mb; M. hirsute CSC1 mb (SO3); M. hirsute CSC1 mb Thr SO3) (Ghazouani et al, 2012) that thereby reduces availability of copper for cancerous cells, cancer associated cells or endothelial cells (Ahmadi et al., 2015, Total biosynthesis and diverse applications of the non-ribosomal peptide-polyketide siderophore yersiniabactin, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81: 5290-5298). Copper binding and/or storage proteins also include those described by Dennison et al., 2018 (J. Biol. Chem. 293: 4616-4627) and Inesi 2016 (Molecular features of copper binding proteins involved in copper homeostasis, IUBMB Life. doi.org/10.1002/iub.1590, including but not limited to those in the genus Methylosinus, including Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b M. hirsute CSC1 and others and their genes Csp1 (Csp1a), Csp2 (Csp1b), Csp3, and homologues and CXXXC and CXXC motif proteins, or those Cu-ATPases in humans (ATP7A and ATP7B) of humans, and Escherichia coli CopZ derived from CopA. The host may be supplemented with salicylate (e.g., aspirin) to initiate production and/or optionally, the irp9 gene from Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli or homologue may be co-expressed, and the ybtT auxiliary protein may also be co-expressed.

Bacteria producing cytotoxic proteins with reduced elimination and enhanced tumor selectivity and enhanced tumor penetration.

Therapeutic combinations with and without copper inactivating bacteria are also provided, which include liposomes and nanoparticles, including but not limited to abraxane (paclitaxel albumen stabilized nanoparticle), doxorubicin liposome, irinotechan liposomes, vincristine liposomes, and cytarabine and daunorubicin combination liposomes. Therapeutic combinations with cytotoxic therapeutics are also encompassed, including but not limited to cisplatin, carboplatin, taxol, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, irinotechan, gemcitabine, vincristine, vinorelbine, thalidomide, temsirolimus, and others. Therapeutic combinations with antibodies are also encompassed, including but not limited to humira (anti TNF-alpha), bevacizumab, cetuximab, ipilimumab (anti-CLTA4), atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and others. Specific kinase inhibitors including but not limited to imatinib and pazopanib and others are included. Novel modifications of the bacteria to express and surface display, secrete and/or release peptides that have the effect of reducing the antibacterial effects of complement (Rooijakkers et al., Therapeutic use of scin, a staphylococcal complement inhibitor in inflammatory diseases, WO2006/103118) or the lectin binding pathway (Van Wamel et al., WO 2005/005630 Therapeutic use of lpi, a staphylococcal lectin pathway inhibitor in inflammatory diseases) are also encompassed. Novel modifications of the bacteria to express and surface display, secrete and/or release peptides that have the effect of enhancing tumor penetration are also encompassed. Tumor and lymphatic vessel targeting includes peptides previously described (Teesalu et al, 2013, Tumor-penetrating peptides, Frontiers in Oncology 2013/Vol. 3/Article 216/1-8; Sugahara et al. 2010, Coadministration of a tumor-penetrating peptide enhances the efficacy of cancer drugs, Science 328: 1031-1035; U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,621 Ruoslahti et al., Methods and compositions related to internalizing RGD peptides; U.S. Pat. No. 8,753,604 Ruoslahti et al., Methods and compositions for synaptically-targeted treatment for cancer; United States Patent Application 20090226372, Ruoslahti et al, Methods And Compositions Related To Peptides And Proteins With C-Terminal Elements; United States Patent Application 20110262347, Ruoslahti et al., Methods And Compositions For Enhanced Delivery Of Compounds) which includes lymphatic vessels and hypoxic portions of tumors targeting peptide, LyP-I CGNKRTRGC (SEQ ID NO: 54), as well as tripartite peptides containing a vascular homing motif (e.g., RGD), a CendR peptide (e.g., R/KXXR/K SEQ ID NO: 55) and a protease recognition site (e.g., K) such as the peptide CRGDKGPDC (SEQ ID NO: 56) (or other variants including but not limited to CR/KGDR/KGPDC. Such peptides first bind through the RGD motif to alpha-v integrins that are over expressed on tumor endothelial cells, followed by proteolytic cleavage leaving the CendR peptide R/KXXR/K (SEQ ID NO: 55). Other preferred peptides include CRGDRGPDC (SEQ ID NO: 30) and CRGDKGPEC (SEQ ID NO: 31). Other examples of this class of peptides include CRGDRGPEC (SEQ ID NO: 32), RGD(R/K/H) (SEQ ID NO: 33), CRGD(R/K/H)GP(D/H)C (SEQ ID NO: 34), CRGD(R/K/H)GP(D/E/H)C (SEQ ID NO: 35), CRGD(R/K/H)G(P/V)(D/E/H)C (SEQ ID NO: 36), CRGDHGPDC (SEQ ID NO: 37), CRGDHGPEC (SEQ ID NO: 38), CRGDHGPHC (SEQ ID NO: 39), CRGDHGVDC (SEQ ID NO: 40), CRGDHGVEC (SEQ ID NO: 41), CRGDHGVHC (SEQ ID NO. 42), CRGDKGPHC (SEQ ID NO: 43), CRGDKGVDC (SEQ ID NO: 44), CRGDKGVEC (SEQ ID NO: 45), CRGDKGVHC (SEQ ID NO: 46), CRGDRGPEC (SEQ ID NO:47), CRGDRGPHC (SEQ ID NO: 48), CRGDRGVDC (SEQ ID NO: 49), CRGDRGVEC (SEQ ID NO: 50), or CRGDRGVHC (SEQ ID NO: 51). Alternatively, peptides that bind other receptors such as aminopeptidase N (e.g., and CRNGRGPDC; SEQ ID NO: 52) may be used. These peptides may be secreted, released or surface displayed by tumor-targeting bacteria, and thereby penetrate tumors more efficiently.

Compositions described in accordance with various embodiments herein include, without limitation, Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (“S. typhimurium”), Salmonella montevideo, Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (“S. typhi”), Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A, paratyphi B (“S. paratyphi 13”), Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi C (“S. paratyphi C”), Salmonella enterica serovar hadar (“S. hadar”), Salmonella enterica serovar enteriditis (“S. enteriditis”), Salmonella enterica serovar kentucky (“S. kentucky”), Salmonella enterica serovar infantis (“S. infantis”), Salmonella enterica serovar pullorum (“S. pullorum”), Salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (“S. gallinarum”), Salmonella enterica serovar Muenchen (“S. muenchen”), Salmonella enterica serovar anatum (“S. anatum”), Salmonella enterica serovar dublin (“S. dublin”), Salmonella enterica serovar derby (“S. derby”), Salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis var. kunzendorf (“S. cholerae kunzendorf”), and Salmonella enterica serovar minnesota (S. minnesota). A preferred serotype for the treatment of bone marrow related diseases is S. dublin.

By way of example, live bacteria in accordance with aspects of the technology include known strains of S. enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and S. enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) which are further modified as provided by various embodiments of the technology. Such strains include Ty21a, CMV906, CMV908, CMV906-htr, CMV908-htr, Ty800, aroA-/serC-, holavax, M01ZH09, VNP20009. These strains contain defined mutations within specific serotypes of bacteria. The technology also includes the use of these same (or different) mutational combinations contained within alternate serotypes or strains in order to avoid immune reactions which may occur in subsequent administrations. For example, S. typhimurium, S. montevideo, and S. typhi which have non-overlapping O-antigen presentation (e.g., S. typhimurium is O-1, 4, 5, 12 and S. typhi is Vi, S. montevideo is O-6, 7) may be used. Thus, for example, S. typhimurium is a suitable serotype for a first administration and another serotype such as S. typhi or S. montevideo are used for a second administration and third administration. Likewise, the flagellar antigens are also selected for non-overlapping antigenicity between different administrations. The flagellar antigen may be H1 or H2 or no flagellar antigen, which, when combined with the three different O-antigen serotypes, provides three completely different antigenic profiles. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,287, and EP0973911. See also: US 20140256922; 20120108640; 20110318308; 20090215754; 20090169517; 20070298012; 20070110752; 20070004666; 20060115483; 20060104955; 20060089350; 20060025387; 20050267103; 20050249706; 20050112642; 20050009750; 20040229338; 20040219169; 20040058849; 20030143676; 20030113293; 20030031628; 20030022835; 20020151063; 20140220661; 20140212396; 20140186401; 20140178341; 20140155343; 20140093885; 20130330824; 20130295054; 20130209405; 20130130292; 20120164687; 20120142080; 20120128594; 20120093773; 20120020883; 20110275585; 201111496; 201111481; 20100239546; 20100189691; 20100136048; 20100135973; 20100135961; 20100092438; 20090300779; 20090180955; 20090175829; 20090123426; 20090053186; 20080311081; 20080124355; 20080038296; 20070110721; 20070104689; 20060083716; 20050026866; 20050008618; 20040202663; 20050255088; 20030109026; 20020026655; 20110223241; 20070009489; 20050036987; 20030170276; 20140148582; 20130345114; 20130287810; 20130164380; 20130164307; 20130078275; 20120225454; 20120177682; 20120148601; 20120144509; 20120083587; 20120021517; 20110274719; 20110268661; 20110165680; 20110091493; 20110027349; 20100172976; 20090317404; 20090220540; 20090123382; 20090117049; 20090117048; 20090117047; 20090068226; 20080249013; 20080206284; 20070202591; 20070191262; 20070134264; 20060127408; 20060057152; 20050118193; 20050069491; 20050064526; 20040234455; 20040202648; 20040054142; 20030170211; 20030059400; 20030036644; 20030009015; 20030008839; 20020176848; 20020102242; 20140205538; 20140112951; 20140086950; 20120244621; 20120189572; 20110104196; 20100233195; 20090208534; 20090136542; 20090028890; 20080260769; 20080187520; 20070031382; 20060140975; 20050214318; 20050214317; 20050112140; 20050112139; 20040266003; 20040115174; 20040009936; 20030153527; 20030125278; 20030045492; U.S. Pat. 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Novel strains are also encompassed that are, for example, attenuated in virulence by mutations in a variety of metabolic and structural genes. The technology therefore may provide a live composition for treating cancer comprising a live attenuated bacterium that is a serovar of Salmonella enterica comprising an attenuating mutation in a genetic locus of the chromosome of said bacterium that attenuates virulence of said bacterium and wherein said attenuating mutation is the Suwwan deletion (Murray et al., 2004. Hot spot for a large deletion in the 18-19 Cs region confers a multiple phenotype in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain ATCC 14028. Journal of Bacteriology 186: 8516-8523 (2004)) or combinations with other known attenuating mutations. Other attenuating mutation useful in the Salmonella bacterial strains described herein may be in a genetic locus selected from the group consisting of phoP, phoQ edt, cya, crp, poxA, rpoS, htrA, nuoG, pmi, pabA, pts, damA, pur, purA, purB, purl, purF, zwf, aroA, aroB, aroC, aroD, serC, gua, cadA, rfc, rjb, rfa, ompR, msbB, leucine and arginine, and combinations thereof.

The technology also encompasses attenuated gram-positive bacteria. For example, Staphylococcus epidermidis group B Streptococcus including S. agalaciae, and Listeria species including L. monocytogenes and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae may be employed. It is known to those skilled in the art that variations in molecular biology techniques such as use of gram-positive origins of replication, gram-positive signal sequences and gram-positive promoters and filamentous phage (e.g., phage B5; Chopin et al., 2002 J. Bacteriol. 184: 2030-2033, described further below) may be employed and substituted as needed. Other bacterial strains may also be encompassed, including non-pathogenic bacteria of the gut skin (such as Staphylococcus epidermidis; Propionibacteria) and other body locations known as the human microbiome (Grice et al., Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome, Science 324: 1190-1192; A framework for human microbiome research; The Human Microbiome Project Consortium, 14 Jun. 2012 Nature 486, 215-221; Spor et al., 2011, Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome, Nature Reviews Microbiology 9: 279-290) such as E. coli strains, Bacteriodies, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus, attenuated pathogenic strains of E. coli including enteropathogenic and uropathogenic isolates, Enterococcus sp. and Serratia sp. as well as attenuated Neisseria sp., Shigella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus carnosis, Yersinia sp., Streptococcus sp. and Listeria sp. including L. monocytogenes. Bacteria of low pathogenic potential to humans and other mammals or birds or wild animals, pets and livestock, such as insect pathogenic Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp. and human wound Photorhabdus (Xenorhabdus) are also encompassed. Probiotic strains of bacteria are also encompassed, including Lactobacillus sp. (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius) Lactococcus sp., (e.g., Lactococcus lacris, Lactococcus casei) Leuconostoc sp., Pediococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. (e.g., S. salivariu, S. thermophilus), Bacillus sp., Bifidobacterium sp. (including but not limited to B. angulaum, B. asteroids, B. boum, B. adolescentis B. animalis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. choeinum, B. coryneforme, B. cuniculi, B. dentium, B. gallicum, B. gallinarum, B. indicum, B. infantis, B. lacris, B. lactis DN-173 101, B. lactis DR10, B. lactis HN019, B. longum, B. magnum, B. merycicum, B. minimum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. pseudolongum, B. psychraerophilum, B. pullorum, B. regulars, B. ruminatium, B. Saeculare, B. scadovii, B. simiae, B. subtlile, B. thermacidophilum, B. termophilum, B. urinalis), Bacteroides sp., and Escherichia coli such as the 1917 Nissel strain. It is known to those skilled in the art that minor variations in molecular biology techniques such as use of gram-positive origins of replication, gram-positive signal sequences gram-positive promoters (e.g., Lactococcus expression, Mohamadzadeh et al., PNAS Mar. 17, 2009 vol. 106 no. 11 4331-4336) may be used and substituted as needed. The bacteria may be further modified to be internalized into the host cell (Guimaraes et al., 2006, Use of Native Lactococci as Vehicles for Delivery of DNA into Mammalian Epithelial Cells, Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 November; 72(11): 7091-7097; Innocentin et al., 2009, Lactococcus lactis Expressing either Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin-Binding Protein A or Listeria monocytogenes Internalin A Can Efficiently Internalize and Deliver DNA in Human Epithelial Cells Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 July; 75(14): 4870-4878).

The technology also encompasses combinations with known agents, including imatinib, pazopanib, bevacizumab (anti-VEGF antibody), bradykinin, angiotensin II receptor agonists, hyperthermia, carbogen+/−nicotinomide, hyaluronidase or pegylated hyaluronidase which improve tumor permeability and penetration and may result in what is known as “vacular normalization”. Other agents that dilate vasculature directly or indirect, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are also encompassed. Additionally, reticuloendothelial system (RES) blocker such as clodronate (dichloromethylene-bisphosphonate; Compositions and methods comprising genetically enhanced obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria for oncopathic cancer therapy, WO2009/111177) which have the potential to improve the circulation time of the bacteria, are also employed. Agents that reduced autophagy such as chloroquine (Zhang et al., 2016, Chloroquine enhanced the anticancer capacity of VNP20009 by inhibiting autophagy, Scientific Reports 6:29774) are also encompassed.

The technology also encompasses combinations with protease inhibitors and targeted toxins and chimeric toxins (e.g., Quintero et al., 2016, EGFR-targeted chimeras of Pseudomonas ToxA released into the extracellular milieu by attenuated Salmonella selectively kill tumor cells. Biotechnology and Bioengineering doi: 10.1002/bit.26026) and antitumor enzymes and/or genetically engineered phage and phagemids (Bermudes, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,524,220, 8,241,623, 8,623,350).

The technology also encompasses combinations with antivascular agents, such as platelet factor 4 and thrombospondin, alone or in combination (Bermudes et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,962,696, 7,452,531).

Resistance of Bacterial Vectors to Copper

Copper is required by all living organisms, but high concentrations are toxic. In another embodiment, the present technology provides compositions and methods to reduce the toxicity of copper to the bacterial vector sequestering copper. Reduction of copper sensitivity facilitates reduction in copper availability by:

1) copper sequestration, including binding, chelating or internalizing copper, 2) locally precipitating copper, and/or 3) chemically oxidizing or reducing copper into a form that cannot be utilized by cancerous cells, cancer associated cells or endothelial cells.

The compositions or genetically engineered bacteria may comprise at least one of

1) bacteria capable of expression, including over-expression of genes that encode copper resistance proteins that reduces their sensitivity to copper,

2) bacteria capable of expression, including over-expression of genes that encode copper sensitivity suppressor proteins that reduces their sensitivity to copper,

3) bacteria capable of expression, including over-expression of genes that encode copper oxidizing proteins that reduces their sensitivity to copper,

4) bacteria capable of expression, including over-expression of genes that encode copper reducing proteins or siderophores that reduces their sensitivity to copper.

The types of cancers or neoplasias to which the present technology is directed include all neoplastic malignancies, including solid tumors such as those of colon, lung, breast, prostate, sarcomas, carcinomas, head and neck tumors, melanoma, as well as hematological, non-solid or diffuse cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas, myelodysplastic cells, plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytomas, and multiple myelomas. Specific types of cancers include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adrenocortical carcinoma adrenocortical carcinoma, adult (primary) liver cancer, adult acute myeloid leukemia, aids-related cancers, aids-related lymphoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytomas, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain stem glioma, brain tumor, breast cancer (female), breast cancer (male), bronchial tumors, burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma of ureter and renal pelvis, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, central nervous system lymphoma, central nervous system tumors, cervical cancer, childhood acute myeloma, childhood astrocytomas, childhood multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm, childhood teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, embryonal tumors, endometrial cancer, endometrial uterine sarcoma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, ewing sarcoma family of tumors, extracranial germ cell tumor, extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, extrahepatic bladder cancer, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (gist), germ cell tumor, glioma, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumors, kaposi sarcoma, kidney (renal cell) cancer, langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oropharyngeal cancer, liver cancer, macroglobulinemia, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, melanoma, merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary, metastatic stomach (gastric) cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, multiple myeloproliferative disorders, mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, myelogenous leukemia, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, neuroblastoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian gestational trophoblastic tumor, ovarian low malignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pineal parenchymal tumors, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, pituitary tumor, plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary cervical cancer, primary hepatocellular (liver) cancer, primary lung cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell (kidney) cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer, respiratory tract carcinoma involving the nut gene on chromosome 15, retinoblastoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer (nonmelanoma), small cell lung cancer, small cell lymphoma, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, spinal cord tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer with occult primary, stomach (gastric) cancer, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, trophoblastic tumor (gestational) unknown primary site, unknown primary site carcinoma, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Waldenström malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone and osteosarcoma, and Wilms tumor.

Issues related to bacterial targeting and efficacy have previously been address by Bermudes (U.S. Pat. No. 8,241,623). Survival under CO₂ conditions, high osmolarity and acidic conditions has also been addressed (Bermudes U.S. Pat. No. 8,647,642).

It is one object to generate tumor-targeted bacteria that reduce the availability of copper to tumor cells, tumor associated cells and endothelial cells by sequestration of copper.

Sequestration of copper may be achieved by expression or overexpression of copper siderophores such as methanylobactin from Methylosinus trichosprium, yersiniabactin from Yersinia pestis or pathogenic E. coli such as strain UT189, or other known copper binding siderophores including aerobactin, salmonchelin, ceruloplasmin, (Koh and Henderson 2015, Microbial copper-binding siderophores at the host-pathogen interface. J. Biol. Chem 290. 18967-18974). Siderophores that result in copper toxicity, such as catecholate siderophores, are avoided. See,

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Other methanobactin-related chelators and the genes encoding their sequence are also encompassed, such as those described by Kenney and Rosenzweig 2013 (Genome mining for methanobactins, BMC Biology 2013, 11:17) which includes T. mobilis KA081020-065, C. basilensis B-8, Azospirillum sp. B510, Azospirillum sp. B506, P. extremaustralis 14-3 sub. 14-3b, P. fluorescens NZ17, M. trichosporium OB3b, M. parvus OBBP ctg. 41, Methylosinus sp. LW4, Methylosinus sp. LW2 v. 1, M. parvus OBBP, ctg. 3, Methylosinus sp. LW2 v. 2, Methylocystis sp. SC2, M. rosea SV97T, P. luminescens TT01, V. caribbenthicus BAA-2122, Gluconacetobacter sp. SXCC-I, G. oboediens 174bp2. Methanobactins derived from M. hirsute CSC1 mb; M. hirsute CSC1 mb (SO3); M. hirsute CSC1 mb Thr SO3) (Ghazouani et al, 2012, Variations in methanobactin structure influences copper utilization by methane-oxidizing bacteria, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 8400-8404) are also especially preferred.

Copper binding proteins (Cops) of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas are also encompassed. Behlau, Franklin, Blanca I. Canteros, Gerald V. Minsavage, Jeffrey B. Jones, and James H. Graham. “Molecular characterization of copper resistance genes from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, no. 12 (2011): 4089-4096).

See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,523,215; 5,681,746; 5,736,119; 5,854,023; 5,866,362; 5,922,302; 6,124,271; 6,193,891; 6,372,262; 6,576,672; 6,783,775; 6,800,437; 6,838,437; 7,041,449; 7,045,312; 7,060,458; 7,109,033; 7,199,099; 7,312,078; 7,320,988; 7,344,881; 7,429,489; 7,459,534; 7,557,081; 7,615,624; 7,618,634; 7,652,037; 7,655,225; 7,692,065; 7,754,765; 7,847,156; 7,855,075; 7,855,274; 7,897,836; 8,039,690; 8,080,417; 8,097,771; 8,173,369; 8,183,344; 8,202,724; 8,314,153; 8,318,171; 8,426,576; 8,436,162; 8,440,827; 8,558,056; 8,653,144; 8,772,461; 8,815,533; 8,846,393; 8,895,610; 8,969,420; 9,040,774; 9,175,266; 9,284,535; 9,365,593; 9,399,612; 20020023281; 20020040489; 20020054916; 20020098519; 20020132306; 20020160378; 20030032030; 20030055113; 20030115639; 20030130797; 20030135888; 20030148953; 20030232799; 20030233670; 20030233681; 20040009476; 20040013680; 20040049350; 20040078852; 20040092442; 20040171519; 20050037341; 20050171150; 20060014683; 20060021088; 20060068438; 20060134708; 20060183137; 20060293238; 20060293505; 20070207191; 20070265199; 20070280927; 20070299002; 20080031817; 20080057093; 20080069874; 20080120750; 20080200502; 20080256665; 20090271163; 20090297538; 20090311680; 20090317487; 20100017918; 20100024074; 20100063161; 20100064393; 20100125042; 20100129790; 20100255118; 20100287671; 20110027337; 20110162107; 20110184333; 20110213126; 20110296555; 20110306035; 20110319282; 20120041066; 20120110696; 20120122969; 20120151635; 20120190623; 20120258168; 20120284878; 20120284881; 20130023491; 20130053450; 20130072434; 20130116182; 20130123181; 20130202596; 20130203101; 20130210650; 20130210793; 20130216513; 20130224281; 20130232647; 20140023701; 20140090106; 20140140959; 20140206772; 20140343255; 20140363874; 20150045535; 20150067923; 20150147346; 20150184142; 20150239818; 20150247154; 20150259389; 20160074373; 20160115499; and 20160201103.

Sequestration of copper may be achieved by expression or overexpression of copper binding proteins such as those from Vibrio alginolyticus, or the plastocyanin family of copper-binding proteins, which include plastocyanins, amicyanin, auracyanins A and B, blue copper protein from Alcaligenes cupredoxin, halocyanin, rusticyaninstellacyanin, and umecyanin.

Short copper binding peptides are also encompassed, including those described by Khoury et al., 2014 (Formation constants of copper (II) complexes with tripeptides containing glu, gly and his: Potentiometric measurements and modeling by generalized multiplicative analysis of variance, Inorg Chem 53: 1278-1287) which include 27 tripeptides (EEE, EEG, EEH, EGE, EGG, EGH, EHE, EHG, EHH, GEE, GEG, GEH, GGE, GGG, GGH, GHE, GHG, GHH, HEE, HEG, HEH, HGE, HGG, HGH, HHE, HHG, HHH). In addition to the tripeptide GGH, GHK is also especially preferred. Dimer, trimer and multimers of these peptides are also encompassed, and may be operably linked to a secretion signal or surface display protein.

The present technology may also encompass resistance of the bacteria to copper. Resistance to copper may be achieved by expression or overexpression of known copper resistance genes (see Orell et al., 2010, Life in blue: Copper resistance mechanisms of bacteria and Archeae used in industrial biomining of minerals, Biotechnology Advances 28: 839-848), such as CueO which oxidizes Cu(I) to Cu(II) and Cop proteins that participate in copper efflux. Resistance to copper may also be simultaneously achieved by expression of a copper siderophore. Optionally, the bacteria may be resistant to copper by deficiency in copper siderophore import, through mutation or deletion of a siderophore import protein, such as the yersiniabactin import gene fyuA or its homologues. The inorganic polyphosphate (polyP)-copper resistance mechanism may be employed using the genes identified by Vera et al., 2003 (Proteomic and genomic analysis of the phosphate starvation response of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy 71: 125-132). Resistance to copper may also be achieved by expression of copper resistance proteins and copper sensitivity suppressors from Vibrio alginolyticus.

A preferred bacterial strain comprises a bacterium of genus Salmonella, e.g., VNP 20009/YS1646 or a CO2 and acid resistant derivative.

Administration of the genetically engineered bacterium to the human or animal may result in at least one of: decreased serum copper; decreased copper availability within the cancerous tissue; or reduction in the metastatic spread of the disease.

A still further object provides a method for treating a neoplastic disease in a living human or animal, comprising: administering a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation containing a genetically engineered bacterium to the living human or animal having the neoplastic disease, the genetically engineered bacterium having the ability to reduce the amount of available copper, and may optionally be genetically engineered or selected to be resistant to copper while retaining antibiotic sensitivity, permitting the genetically engineered bacterium to grow within the tumor causing antitumor effects and then be cleared from the living human or animal, which are non-lethal to the living human or animal.

The live genetically engineered bacterium may have a selective tropism for at least one type of tumor in a human or animal, and the functional gene product is effective for treating the at least one type of tumor, the live genetically engineered bacterium being provided within a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for administration to the human or animal.

When administering self-replicating organisms, the minimum dose approximates a single in vivo replication competent organism or minimum infectious dose, which itself is approximated by an in vitro determined colony forming unit (CFU). Suitable dosage ranges are generally from about 1.0 cfu/kg to about 1×10 cfu/kg; optionally from about 1.0 cfu/kg to about 1×10⁸ cfu/kg; optionally from about 1×10² cfu/kg to about 1×10⁸ cfu/kg; optionally from about 1×10⁴ cfu/kg to about 1×10⁸ cfu/kg; and optionally from about 1×10⁴ cfu/kg to about 1×10¹⁰ cfu/kg. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. However, higher doses are preferred, in order to permit prompt initiation of therapeutic effect and avoid host immune response suppression of the organisms before they reach full therapeutic potential. In some cases, replication incompetent organisms may be used, e.g., where the organisms remain competent to produce biologically active products as discussed herein while not being able to replicate, in which case a dose may be, for example, in the range 10⁸ to 10¹⁰ organisms and determined by non-culture-based methods (e.g., hemocytometer). The maximum dose of preferred organisms which display low toxicity and pathogenicity is in excess of 10¹⁰, and for orally or dermally administered probiotic species, gram scale doses may be administered.

The bacterial delivery vector may be attenuated, non-pathogenic, low pathogenic (including wild type), or a probiotic bacterium. The bacteria are introduced either systemically (e.g., parenteral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), intralymphatic (IL), intradermal (ID), subcutaneously (sub-q), local-regionally (e.g., intralesionally, intratumorally (IT), intraperitoneally (IP), topically, intrathecally (intrathecal), by inhaler or nasal spray) or to the mucosal system through oral, nasal, pulmonary intravessically, enema or suppository administration. The terms “oral”, “enteral”, “enterally”, “orally”, “non-parenteral”, “non-parenterally”, and the like, refer to administration of a compound or composition to an individual by a route or mode along the alimentary canal. Examples of “oral” routes of administration include, without limitation, swallowing liquid or solid forms by the mouth, administration of a composition through a nasojejunal or gastrostomy tube, intraduodenal administration of a composition, and rectal administration, e.g., using suppositories that release a live bacterial strain described herein to the lower intestinal tract of the alimentary canal. Upon administration, the bacteria are able to undergo limited or unlimited replication, express, surface display, secrete and/or release the effector molecules and/or protease inhibitors with anti-cancer thereby providing a therapeutic benefit by reducing or eliminating the malignancy and/or neoplasia.

Toxins, therapeutic cytokines and other molecules, homologues or fragments thereof useful in conjunction with the present technology include small lytic peptides, larger lytic peptides, pore-forming toxins, protein inhibitors, extracellular DNAases (DNase), intracellular DNAases, apoptosis inducing peptides, cytokines, prodrug converting enzymes, metabolite destroying enzymes, ribonucleases, antibody inactivating toxins and other anticancer peptides. In a preferred embodiment, the toxins include those that are naturally secreted, released and/or surface displayed, or heterologously secreted, released and/or surface displayed, and that can be modified uniquely to suit the delivery by a bacterium and may be further engineered to have the tumor, lymphoma, leukemic bone marrow or proximity-selective targeting system described herein, including but not limited to the proteins azurin, truncated azurins (e.g., p18 azurin amino acids 50-67 and P28 azurin amino acids 50-77 Chakrabarty et al., 2014 Bacterial proteins and peptides in cancer therapy: today and tomorrow, Bioengineered 5:234-242); Pep27anal2: Lee et al., 2005, Functional and structural characteristics of anticancer peptide Pep27 analogues, Cancer Cell International 2005 5:21) entap from Enterococcus (Karpinski and Szkaradkiewicz 2013 Anticancer peptides from bacteria, Bangladesh J Pharmacol 8:343-348), carboxylesterase Est55 (a prodrug converting enzyme from Geobacillus that activates CPT-11 to SN-38), thiaminase (e.g., from Bacillus), methionase (methioninase), asparaginase, tryptophanase, apoptin, Torquetnovirus (TTV) derived apoptosis-inducing protein TAIP and with gyrovirus VP3 bax, bim, p53, BAK, BH3 peptide (BCL2 homology domain 3), cytochrome C, thrombospondin, platelet factor 4 (PF4) peptide, Bacillus sp. cytolysins, Bacillus sp. nheABC toxins, cytolethal distending toxins (cldt) including those cldts from Haemophilus, Aggregaribacter, Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Hahella and Yersinia, typhoid toxins (pertussis like toxin) (pltAB), pertussis toxin, cldt:plt hybrids, actAB, cytotoxic necrotic factor (cnf), dermonecrotic factor (dnf), shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins, bacteriocins, (colicins and microcins; Hen and Jack, Chapter 13 Microcins, in Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Academic Press; Nes et al., Chapter 17, The nonlantibiotic heat-stable bacteriocins in gram-positive bacteria, in Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Academic Press; Sharma et al., Chapter 18 in Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Academic Press) including membrane depolarizing (or pore-forming), DNAases (including colicin DNase, Staphylococcal Nuclease A:OmpA fusions (Takahara et al., 1985 J. Biol. Chem 260: 2670-2674), Serratia marcescens DNase (Clegg and Allen, 1985, FEMS Microbiology Letters 27: 257-262; Vibrio DNase Newland et al., 1985 Infect Immun 47: 691-696) or other bacterial DNase), RNAases, and tRNAases, including but not limited colicin A, colicin D, colicin E5, colicin E492, microcin M24, colE1, colE2, colE3, colE5 colE7, coleE8, colE9, col-1a, colicin N and colicin B, membrane lytic peptides from Staphylococcus (listed below) and sea anemones, P15 peptide and other TGF-beta mimics, repeat in toxin (RTX) family members (together with the necessary acylation and secretion genes) including Actinobacillus leucotoxins, a leuckotoxin: E. coli HlyA hybrid, E. coli HlyA hemolysin, Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin, heat stable enterotoxins from E. coli and Vibrio sp. (Dubreuil 2006, Chapter 48, Escherichia coli, Vibrio and Yersinia species heat stable enterotoxins, Alouf and Popoff (eds), 2006, Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, Third Edition, Academic Press), autotransporter toxins including but not limited to IgA protease, picU espC, and sat, Staphylococcus protein A, clostridium enterotoxin, Clostridium difficile toxin A, scorpion chlorotoxin, aerolysin, subtilase, cereolysin, Staphylococcus leukotoxins (e.g. LukF-PV, LukF-R, LukF-I, LukM, HlgB) and the other, to class S (e.g. LukS-PV, LukS-R, LukS-I, HlgA, HlgC). Best known are the toxins produced by S. aureus: γ-haemolysins, HlgA/HlgB and HlgC/HlgB and leukocidin Panton-Valentine, LukS-PV/LukF-PV (Luk-PV, PVL)) TRAIL, fasL, IL-18, CCL-21, human cytokine LIGHT, agglutinins (Maackia amurensis, wheat germ, Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon (tomato) plant lectin, leukoagglutinin (L-PHA, Helix pomaria) saporin, ricin, pertussis toxin, and porB, as well as other toxins and peptides (Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Academic Press; Alouf and Popoff (eds), 2006, Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, Third Edition, Academic Press).

The bacteria may produce bacteriocins (including lactococcins, colicins and microcins), and would typically have the accompanying immunity factors. (Riley and Chavan 2006, Bacteriocins: Ecology and Evolution, Springer; de Vuyst and Vandamme 2012, Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria; Microbiology, genetics and applications, Blackie Ac. & Prof. Press).

In one embodiment, the probiotic bacteria express one or more bacteriocins and one or more bacteriocin immunity proteins. Bacteriocins (bacterially produced antibacterial agents that inhibit other strains of bacteria but not the host strain that produces them), such as lactococcins, microcins or colicins (Riley and Chavan 2006, Bacteriocins: Ecology and Evolution, Springer; de Vuyst and Vandamme 2012, Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria; Microbiology, genetics and applications, Blackie Academic & Professional Press). The bacteriocin may be the acnecin from Propionibacterium acnes (Fujimura and Nakamura 1978) or the bacteriocin from Propionibacterium shermanii (Ayers et al., Propionibacteria peptide microcin U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,484 A), the bacteriocin from Streptococcus salivarius (Bowe et al., 2006, J. Drugs Dermatol 5: 868-870), the bacteriocin from Lactococcus sp. HY 449 (Oh et al., 2006. Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp HY 449 on skin inflammatory bacteria, Food Chem Toxicol 44: 1184-1190) or the bacteriocin from Lactococcus sp. HY 49 or Lactobacillus casei HY 2782 described by Kim et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,002. The bacteriocin acts, for example to stabilize the colonization of the enteric tissue by the bacteria by suppressing growth of other bacteria. A suitable probiotic will typically not disrupt native intestinal flora to cause persistent digestive disease.

The bacteria may be further selected for enhanced bacteriocin production using standard methods for visualizing production of bacteriocins which uses an indicator strain usually embedded in a soft agar overlay, and a test strain, or library or mixed population of strains, applied to the surface. The production of the bacteriocin is then visualized as an increased zone of inhibition of the indicator strain. Using methods known to those skilled in the arts which include various mutagenesis methods such as exposure to ultraviolet light, chemical mutagens such as nitrosoguanidine, or genetic methods such as over expression on plasmids, insertion of strong promoters, transposon mutagenesis, organisms with improved production of bacteriocins are visualized as producing wider zones of bacterial inhibition.

Resistance to phage by the Propionibacteria acnes RT6, and many other bacteria species, is already understood to occur, at least in part, by the CRISPER (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) systems, but the “immunity” may be incomplete, and could allow phage from resident pathogenic bacteria to kill the probiotic bacterium, preventing it from having as fully effective therapeutic action. The bacteria of the technology may be further engineered to have phage resistance proteins, such as phage repressor proteins related to lambda phage cI repressor, including those identified by Marinelli, et al., 2012 (Propionibacterium acnes Bacteriophages Display Limited Genetic Diversity and Broad Killing Activity against Bacterial Skin Isolates, mBio 3(5) doi:10.1128/mBio.00279-1). These authors suggest the possible use of the phage as a form of “phage therapy”, i.e., to kill Propionibacterium acnes, but do not propose or suggest the use of the Propionibacterium acnes, or phage-resistant bacteria, or bacteria with bacteriocins, or bacteria with bacteriocins and protease inhibitors as an effective form of therapy for acne. Use of standard methods of isolating and/or identifying phage resistant strains is also encompassed. It is of importance that the therapeutic bacterial strain, such as the RT6 strain of Propionibacterium acnes, be resistant to the resident, disease-associated organisms such as pathogenic ribotypes RT4, 5, 7, 8, 9 & 10 of Propionibacterium acnes (Fitz-Gibbon et al., 2013) or bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptomyces pyogenes. Methods for selecting resistant strains selection for spontaneous resistance by exposure of the strain such as RT6 to the phage such as those described by Marinelli, et al., 2012 (Propionibacterium acnes Bacteriophages Display Limited Genetic Diversity and Broad Killing Activity against Bacterial Skin Isolates, mBio 3(5) doi:10.1128/mBio.00279-1), and recovery of the survivors, or the strain can be initially modified by chemical, ultraviolet or transposon mutagenesis, to create a mixed genetic population followed by exposure to the phage, and selection of survivors (Levin, 1994, Isolating multiple strains of Escherichia coli for coliphage isolation, phage typing, and mutant recovery, Chapter 4 pages 63-72, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 15 (C. A. Goldman, Editor). Proceedings of the 15th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), 390 pages; Exploitation of a new flagellatropic phage of Erwinia.

Metabolite toxins such as the Chromobacterium violaceum depsipeptides (Shigeatsu et al., 1994, FR901228, a novel antitumor bicyclic depsipeptide produced by Chromobacterium violaceum No. 968. 11. Structure determination. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 47(3):311-4) or those from Serratia are also of use in the present technology.

Tumor specificity of the therapeutic peptides listed above are further enhanced by insertion, in-frame into the amino acid sequence of the above proteins, of two separate classes of inteins, alone or in combination (self-splicing protein intervening sequences; Green and Belfort 2016, Microbes as intein havens, Microbe 11: 388-393). One class of inteins are sensitive to oxidative and nitrosative stresses (Topilina et al., 2015 SufB intein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a sensor for oxidative and nitrosative stresses, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 10348-10353). Topilina et al. demonstrate that oxidative and nitrosative stresses turn off self-splicing in their presence, and suggest that this mechanism is important for Mycobacterial dormancy. However, Topilina et al. did not suggest the utility for this intein by way of activation of therapeutic proteins with the amino acid sequence disrupted by the presence of an oxidatively or nitrosatively inactivated intein, and that such an insertion would become active under the hypoxic conditions of the tumor. When administered systemically (e.g., by intravenous administration) as purified proteins or when delivered by tumor-targeted bacteria, such proteins selectively become active inside the hypoxic portion of the tumor, and thereby selectively become toxic to tumor cells within the tumor itself, thereby limiting toxicity to normal oxygenated cells.

A second, novel class of inteins, uses protease inhibitors inserted into or exchanged for the homing endonuclease portion of inteins. The protease inhibitors are those that inhibit proteases that are known to be preferentially overexpressed in tumors. Such inteins, for example the M tuberculosis RecA intein, genetically engineered to contain a protease inhibitor, for example the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor peptide CTTHWGFTLC (SEQ ID NO: 53) exchanged for the intein homing endonuclease domain, is then triggered by tumor proteases, such as matrix metalloproteases, causing self protein splicing of the intein rather than proteolytic cleavage by the protease, resulting in activating the therapeutic proteins listed above in a tumor-selective fashion and thereby limiting toxicity to normal tissues that do not over-express tumor proteases. Enhanced protease triggered self-splicing may be further enhanced by the simple directed evolution method described by Peck et al. 2011 (Directed evolution of small molecule-triggered intein with improved splicing properties in mammalian cells, Chem Biol 18: 619-630), which selects for increased kanamycin resistance reflected by self-splicing of the RecA intein that has been inserted into the kanamycin gene and selecting for increased splicing among high error rate PCR mutants of the intein in the presence of the desired triggering molecule. However, Peck et al. did not suggest the use of a protease inhibitor insertion into the intein nor did they suggest the use in the treatment of cancer.

Tumor associated proteases with known protease inhibitors suitable for insertion into inteins include but are not limited to cysteine cathepsins (e.g., cathepsin K, cathepsin B, cathepsin L) aspartic cathepsins (e.g., cathepsin E, Cathepsin D), kalikrens (e.g., general intracellular or secreted kalikrens, hK1, PSA (hK3), hK10, hK15), serine proteases (e.g., uPA, uPAR, matriptase), caspases, matrix metalloproteases (e.g., MMP-1, -2, -8, -9, -13, -14) (see Edwards et al (Eds), The Cancer Degradome, Proteases and Cancer Biology, Springer, N Y, 926 pp).

Promoters, i.e., genetic regulatory elements that control the expression of the genes encoding the therapeutic molecules described above that are useful in the present technology include constitutive and inducible promoters. A preferred constitutive promoter is that from the vector pTrc99a (Promega). Preferred inducible promoters include the tetracycline inducible promoter (TET promoter), SOS-response promoters responsive to DNA damaging agents such as mitomycin, alkylating agents, X-rays and ultraviolet (UV) light such as the recA promoter, colicin promoters, sulA promoters and hypoxic-inducible promoters including but not limited to the PepT promoter (Bermudes et al., WO2001/025397), the arabinose inducible promoter (Ara_(BAD)) (Lossner et al., 2007, Cell Microbiol. 9: 1529-1537; WO2006/048344) the salicylate (asprin) derivatives inducible promoter (Royo et al., 2007, Nature Methods 4: 937-942; WO2005/054477), a tumor-specific promoter (Arrach et al., 2008, Cancer Research 68: 4827-4832; WO/2009/152480) or a quorum-sensing (autoinduction) promoter (Anerson et al., 2006 Environmentally controlled invasion of cancer cells by engineered bacteria, J. Mol. Biol. 355: 619-627; Bhushan et al., Construction of an inducible cell-communication system that amplifies Salmonella gene expression in tumor tissue, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11): 1769-1781; Swofford et al., 2015, Quorum-sensing Salmonella selectively trigger protein expression within tumors, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 3457-3462; Din et al., 2016, Synchronized cycles of bacterial lysis for in vivo delivery, Nature 536: 81-85).

Gene expression that induces autolysis may also be used (e.g., Chang et al., 2011, Engineering of Escherichia coli for targeted delivery of transgenes to HER2/neu-Positive tumor cells, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 108: 1662-1672 which uses phiX174 lysin gene E-mediated autolysis; Camacho et al., 2016 Engineering of Salmonella as intracellular factory for effective killing of tumor cells. Scientific reports 6, Article number 30591 which uses lambda phage lysis; Din et al., 2016, Synchronized cycles of bacterial lysis for in vivo delivery, Nature 536: 81-85; other similar autolytic proteins may be used). Autolytic delivery is used for therapeutic proteins that are poorly soluble, secreted and/or released, such as parasporin (A total of 13 Parasporin proteins have been isolated from 11 strains of Bacillus, with 8 proteins allied to PS1, 2 to PS2, 2 to PS3 and 1 to PS4; Ohba et al., 2009, Parasporin, a new anticancer protein group from Bacillus thuringiensis Anticancer Research 29: 4247-434; Okassov et al., 2015, Parasporins as new natural anticancer agents: a review, JBUON 2015; 20(1):5-16; Mizuki et al., 2000, Parasporin, a human leukemic cell-recognizing parasporal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7: 625-634).

Expression and delivery of the therapeutic proteins described above may be accompanied by co-expression with an apoptosis inducing protein construct that is expressed, surface displayed, secreted and/or released, such that it enhances the overall activity of the therapeutic protein or may have activity that is at least additive to the activity of those therapeutic proteins. Such a construct may consist of, for example, a secretion signal or fusion (e.g., OmpA signal sequence, OmpF signal sequence, YebF, ice nucleation protein with a secretory (release intein)), a ferry peptide (MacEwan and Chilkoti 2013, Harnessing the power of cell-penetrating peptides: Activatable carriers for targeting systemic delivery of cancer therapeutics and imaging agents, Interdisicip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 5: 31-48; Raucher and Ryu, 2015, Cell penetrating peptides: strategies for anticancer treatment, Trends in Molecular Medicine 21: 560-570; e.g., HIV TAT protein, the antennapedia homeodomain (penetraxin), Kaposi fibroblast growth factor (FGF) membrane-translocating sequence (MTS), herpes simplex virus VP22, hexahistidine, hexalysne, or hexaarginine, and may also include the cell penetrating protease inhibitor sunflower trypsin inhibitor; SFTI; Cascales et al., 2011, Identification and characterization of a new family of cell penetrating peptides: Cyclic cell-penetrating peptides. J Biol Chem 286: 36932-36943), and an apoptosis inducing, anticancer cytotoxicity enhancing protein (apoptin; Noteborn, 2009, Proteins selectively killing tumor cells, European Journal of Pharmacology 625: 165-173; Los et al., 2009, Apoptin, a tumor-selective killer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1793: 1335-1342; and/or HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells, also known as MAL; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,713,533; 9,085,643; 9487561; Svensson et al., 2000, Proc, Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 4221-4226). See FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4C.

Chimeras of effector proteins may be further modified by addition of one or more multimerization domains, such as the T4 foldon trimerization domain (Meier et al., 2004, Journal of Molecular Biology, 344: 1051-1069; Bhardwaj et al., Protein Sci. 2008 17: 1475-1485) or tetramerization domains such as VASP (Kühnel et al., 2004 PNAS 101: 17027-17032). Chimeric toxins may be further modified by the addition of known cell penetrating (ferry) peptide which further improves their entry into target cells (e.g., TAT-apoptin, TAT-bim, TAT-p53). Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) may also be added, including but not limited to that from herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, the SV40 large T antigen monopartite NLS, or the nucleoplasmin bipartite NLS or more preferably, the NLS from apoptin, a tumor associated (tumor-selective) NLS. The tumor-selective nuclear export signal from apoptin may be used alone or together with NLS from apoptin (Heckl et al., 2008, Value of apoptin's 40-amino-acid C-terminal fragment for the differentiation between human tumor and non-tumor cells, Apoptosis 13: 495-508; Backendor et al., 2008, Apoptin: Therapeutic potential of an early sensor of carcinogenic transformation, Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48: 143-69). Fragments of apoptin may also be used, as described in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4C. In a preferred embodiment, fusions such as those with cytolethal distending toxin B, have as the final amino acid, cysteine, in order to provide a disulfide bond with the appropriate subunit (e.g., with PltA).

Regarding use of tumor-targeted bacteria expressing wild type cytolethal distending toxin and chimeras including those with apoptin, there have been several earlier descriptions (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,962,696, 7,452,531, 8,241,623, 8,524,220, 8,623,350, 8,771,669). Cytolethal distending toxins (CLDTs) comprise a family of heterotrimeric holotoxins produced by bacteria that are internalized into mammalian cells and translocated into the nucleus. CLDTs are known to occur in a number of bacterial genera including Haemophilus, Agregatibacter, Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Hahella and Yersinia (Gargi et al., 2012 Bacterial toxin modulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: are all cytolethal distending toxins created equally? Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiol. 2:124. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00124), however CLDT does not exist in the VNP20009 strain of Salmonella used in human clinical studies (Toso et al. 2002. Phase I Study of the Intravenous Administration of Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to Patients With Metastatic Melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 142-152; Low et al., 2004, Construction of VNP20009, a novel, genetically stable antibiotic sensitive strain of tumor-targeting Salmonella for parenteral administration in humans. Methods Mol Med 90. 47-60).

Depending upon both the specific CLDT and the mammalian cells type, different effects have been documented. All CLDTs have homology to exonuclease III and several have been directly shown to exhibit DNase activity in vitro (Ewell and Dreyfus 2000 DNase I homologous residues in CdtB are critical for cytolethal distending toxin-mediated cell cycle arrest. Mol Microbiol 37, 952-963; Lara-Tejero and Galán, 2000 A bacterial toxin that controls cell cycle progression as a deoxyribonuclease I-like protein. Science 290, 354-357), which is believed to be the primary effect of the toxin. The DNase activity results in double-stranded DNA breaks that activates the cell's DNA damage response and interrupts the cell cycle at G2M. Non-hemopoietic cells tend to enlarge, hence part of the toxin name distending, and in many cases the cells subsequently undergo apoptosis. In hemopoietic cells apoptosis is more rapidly produced (Jinadasa et al., 2011, Cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages. Microbiology 157: 1851-1875; Gargi et al., 2012).

Most of the CLDTs are organized in a unidirectional operon of cldtA, cldtB and cldrC genes, where the cldtB encodes the active subcomponent, and cldtA and cldtC encode peptides that are involved in cell binding and translocation. In Salmonella however, the genes exist as a bidirectional operon consisting of cldtB together with a two pertussis like toxin subunits oriented in the opposite direction, pltA and pltrB as well as sty and ttsA, also in opposing directions, that are reported to be required for secretion of the toxin (Hodak and Galan 2013. A Salmonella typhi homologue of bacteriophage muramidase controls typhoid toxin secretion. EMBO Reports 14: 95-102). However, in the present technology, the presence of sty and ttsA are not required for secretion of the active toxin when the operon is reorganized into a unidirectional operon of cldtB, pltB and pltA.

Translocation of E. coli CLDTs to the nucleus, which constitutes the target location for the endonuclease activity, requires the presence of a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In Escherichia coli CLDT-II for example, the NLS is bipartite and located at the C-terminus (McSweeney and Dreyfus, 2004). Nishikubo et al., 2003 identified an NLS occurring in the 48-124 amino acid region in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Apoptins are a family of viral genes that were first discovered in chicken anemia virus. Apoptin is the product of the VP3 gene that is involved in lymphoid atrophy and anemia in infected chickens (Peñaloza et al., 2014 Apoptins: selective anticancer agents, Trends in Molecular Medicine 20: 519-528; Los et al., 2009 Apoptin, a tumor selective killer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1793: 1335-1342). Apoptin was subsequently found to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells (Danen-Van Oorschot et al., 1997 Apoptin induces apoptosis in human transformed and malignant cells but not in normal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 5843-5847). Apoptin shares similarity with Torquetnovirus (TTV) derived apoptosis-inducing protein TAIP and with gyrovirus VP3. Apoptin consists of several different domains including a leucine rich sequence (LRS) which is involved in binding to the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein of nuclei and in apoptin multimerization, an SRC homology 3 (SH3) binding domain with is part of a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), a nuclear export sequence (NES) that promotes egress of apoptin from normal cell nuclei, a set of threonines of which T108 must be phosphorylated for full apoptin activity, the C-terminal portion of the bipartite NLS and an anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome I (APC/CI) binding domain that consists of approximately one third of the C-terminus.

According to one embodiment, the present technology provides cysteine-terminated fusions that are modified Salmonella CLDT operon and forms of cytolethal distending toxins that are chimeric with apoptin and other peptide moieties including peptide linkers that improve activity and peptide blocking moieties that must be specifically cleaved to activate the protein. The present technology may incorporate deletions in the CLDT nuclear localization signals which are then complemented by N- or C-terminal fusions with apoptin, or apoptin fragments, which supply its nuclear localization signal in trans as a fusion peptide, followed by a cysteine. It is noted that the copper sequestering proteins may be used in conjunction with a variety of therapies, including other bacterially secreted peptides and factors, heterologous peptides, chimeric peptides, etc.

A single promoter may be used to drive the expression of more than one gene, such as a protease sensitive toxin and a protease inhibitor. The genes may be part of a single synthetic operon (polycistronic), or may be separate, monocistronic constructs, with separate individual promoters of the same type used to drive the expression of their respective genes. The promoters may also be of different types, with different genes expressed by different constitutive or inducible promoters. Use of two separate inducible promoter for more than one cytotoxin or other effector type peptide allows, when sufficient X-ray, tetracycline, arabinose or salicylic acid is administered following administration of the bacterial vector, their expression to occur simultaneously, sequentially, or alternatingly (i.e., repeated).

Bacteria useful in accordance with various aspects of the technology may have recognizable attributes in regard to their ability to sequester, chelate, bind, oxidize or reduce copper in a manner that lessens the availability of copper to cancer cells, cancer associated cells and/or endothelial cells. For example, in vitro, a copper detecting electrode can be used to measure the quantity of Cu(II), the primary form that is transferred to cancerous tissues. Cu(II) in solution, in the presence of the bacteria of the present technology, when given sufficient nutrients for growth, will reduce the measurable Cu(II) compared to the unengineered parental form of the bacteria. In animals and humans in vivo, copper in the blood can be measured by a serum or plasma copper test for free copper (copper not bound to ceruloplasmin). Other methods such as inductively coupled mass spectrometry of ultrafiltrated plasma may also be used (McMillin et al., 2009, Direct measurement of free copper in serum or plasma ultrafiltrate, American Journal of Clinical Pathology 131: 160-165). Thus, the bacteria of the technology can be measured in vitro, and subsequently tested in vivo for the ability to remove copper from the blood. The bacteria can also be evaluated in a tumor model for increased antitumor effects (Teicher (ed) 2011, Tumor Models in Cancer Research, Springer Science and Business Media).

Bacteria useful in accordance with various aspects of the technology may have recognizable attributes in regard to their ability to resist the toxic effects of sequestering, chelating, binding, oxidizing or reducing copper in a manner that lessens the availability of copper to cancer cells. For example, in vitro, the level of copper toxicity/resistance is assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method of disc diffusion known to those skilled in the art, in order to establish the level of copper in solution that is toxic to the parental strain of the bacteria. The bacteria of the present technology have at least a 1.8 fold increase in resistance compared to the parental strain. Thus, the bacteria of the technology are more able to sequester, chelate, bind, oxidize or reduce copper in a manner that lessens the availability of copper to cancer cells, cancer associated cells and/or endothelial cells.

The bacteria may be engineered to produce various factors, including ATN-224, ISIS 333611, RTA 801, Lencota sodium stibogluconate, and other known copper chelating, sequestering, or SODI interacting drugs. These may be peptides, antibodies, small molecules produced by systems of enzymes, microcins, bacteriocins, etc.

The technology also provides, according to one embodiment, a process for preparing genetically stable therapeutic bacterial strains comprising genetically engineering the therapeutic genes of interest into a bacterially codon optimized expression sequence within a bacterial plasmid expression vector, endogenous virulence (VIR) plasmid (of Salmonella sp.), or chromosomal localization expression vector for any of the deleted genes or IS200 genes, defective phage or intergenic regions within the strain and further containing engineered restriction endonuclease sites such that the bacterially codon optimized expression gene contains subcomponents which are easily and rapidly exchangeable, and the bacterial strains so produced.

The present technology provides, for example, and without limitation, live bacterial compositions that are genetically engineered to express one or more protease inhibitors combined with antigens.

According to various embodiments, the technology provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and one or more bacterial mutants. The technology also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and one or more bacterial mutants comprising nucleotide sequences encoding one or more peptides. Preferably, the bacterial mutants are attenuated by introducing one or more mutations in one or more genes in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway (for gram-negative bacteria), and optionally one or more mutations to auxotrophy for one or more nutrients or metabolites.

In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more bacterial mutants, wherein said attenuated bacterial mutants are facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more attenuated bacterial mutants, wherein said attenuated bacterial mutants are facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more bacterial mutants, wherein said attenuated bacterial mutants are facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more attenuated bacterial mutants, wherein said attenuated bacterial mutants are facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes.

A pharmaceutically effective dosage form may comprise between about 105 to 1012 live bacteria, within a lyophilized medium for oral administration. In some embodiments, about 109 live bacteria are administered.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Formulations

Pharmaceutically acceptable formulations may be provided for delivery by other various routes e.g. by intramuscular injection, subcutaneous delivery, by intranasal delivery (e.g. WO2000/047222, U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,246), intradermal delivery (e.g. WO2002/074336, WO2002/067983, WO2002/087494, WO2002/0832149 WO2004/016281) by transdermal delivery, by transcutaneous delivery, by topical routes, etc. Injection may involve a needle (including a microneedle), or may be needle-free. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,452,531, 7,354,592, 6,962,696, 6,923,972, 6,863,894, 6,685,935, 6,475,482, 6,447,784, 6,190,657, 6,080,849 and US Pub. 2003/0059400.

The bacteria are generally administered along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent. The particular pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent employed is not critical to the present technology unless otherwise specific herein (or in a respective incorporated referenced relevant to the issue). Examples of diluents include a phosphate buffered saline, buffer for buffering against gastric acid in the stomach, such as citrate buffer (pH 7.0) containing sucrose, bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0) alone (Levine et al, J. Clin. Invest., 79:888-902 (1987); and Black et al J. Infect. Dis., 155:1260-1265 (1987)), or bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0) containing ascorbic acid, lactose, and optionally aspartame (Levine et al, Lancet, 11:467-470 (1988)). Examples of carriers include proteins, e.g., as found in skim milk, sugars, e.g., sucrose, or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Typically, these carriers would be used at a concentration of about 0.1-30% (w/v) but preferably at a range of 1-10% (w/v).

Set forth below are other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents which may be used for delivery specific routes. Any such carrier or diluent can be used for administration of the bacteria of the technology, so long as the bacteria are still capable of invading a target cell. In vitro or in vivo tests for invasiveness can be performed to determine appropriate diluents and carriers. The compositions of the technology can be formulated for a variety of types of administration, including systemic and topical or localized administration. Lyophilized forms are also included, so long as the bacteria are invasive upon contact with a target cell or upon administration to the subject. Techniques and formulations generally may be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meade Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. For systemic administration, injection is preferred, including intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous. For injection, the composition, e.g., bacteria, of the technology can be formulated in liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound. For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

For administration by inhalation, the pharmaceutical compositions for use according to the present technology are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the composition, e.g., bacteria, and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

The pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated in rectal, intravaginal or intraurethral compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,696.

The present technology provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more primary effector molecules operably linked to one or more appropriate promoters. The present technology provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more primary effector molecules and one or more secondary effector molecules operably linked to one or more appropriate promoters.

The present technology provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a bacterium.

In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, olive oil, and the like. Saline is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include non-cytotoxic amounts and types of starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, dilute ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria, in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a suspending agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

The amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the technology which will be effective in the vaccination of a subject can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. However, suitable dosage ranges are generally from about 1.0 cfu/kg to about 1×10¹⁰ cfu/kg; optionally from about 1.0 cfu/kg to about 1×10⁸ cfu/kg; optionally from about 1×10² cfu/kg to about 1×10⁸ cfu/kg; optionally from about 1 10⁴ cfu/kg to about 1×10⁸ cfu/kg; and optionally from about 1×10⁴ cfu/kg to about 1×10¹⁰ cfu/kg. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. In some cases, replication incompetent microbes (which do not form colonies) may be provided, either as the entirety of a dose or some portion of it. These microbes may interact with replication competent organisms, and be complementary, antagonistic, synergistic, etc.

Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a pharmaceutical composition of the present technology. Methods of introduction include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral routes. Methods of introduction may also be intra-tumoral (e.g., by direct administration into the area of the tumor).

The compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal-mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compositions of the technology into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.

The technology also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the technology. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.

The compositions and methods described herein can be administered to a subject in need of treatment, e.g. in need of treatment for inflammation or cancer. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise administering an effective amount of compositions described herein, e.g. engineered microbial cells to a subject in order to alleviate a symptom. As used herein, “alleviating a symptom” is ameliorating any condition or symptom associated with a given condition. As compared with an equivalent untreated control, such reduction is by at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more as measured by any standard technique. A variety of means for administering the compositions described herein to subjects are known to those of skill in the art. Such methods can include, but are not limited to oral, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), cutaneous, topical, or injection administration. Administration can be local or systemic.

The term “effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount of engineered microbial cells needed to alleviate at least one or more symptom of the disease or disorder, and relates to a sufficient amount of pharmacological composition to provide the desired effect. The term “therapeutically effective amount” therefore refers to an amount of engineered microbial cells that is sufficient to effect a particular effect when administered to a typical subject. An effective amount as used herein, in various contexts, would also include an amount sufficient to delay the development of a symptom of the disease, alter the course of a symptom disease (for example but not limited to, slowing the progression of a symptom of the disease), or reverse a symptom of the disease. Thus, it is not generally practicable to specify an exact “effective amount”. However, for any given case, an appropriate “effective amount” can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.

Effective amounts, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dosage can vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and can be expressed as the ratio ED₅₀. Compositions and methods that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. A therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. Also, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of an engineered microbial cell which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture, or in an appropriate animal model. Levels in plasma can be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of any particular dosage can be monitored by a suitable bioassay, e.g., assay for inflammation, among others. The dosage can be determined by a physician and adjusted, as necessary, to suit observed effects of the treatment.

In some embodiments, the technology described herein relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered microbial cell as described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents include saline, aqueous buffer solutions, solvents and/or dispersion media. The use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art. Some non-limiting examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG); (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; (22) bulking agents, such as polypeptides and amino acids (23) serum component, such as serum albumin, HDL and LDL; (22) C₂-C₁₂ alcohols, such as ethanol; and (23) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, preservative and antioxidants can also be present in the formulation. The terms such as “excipient”, “carrier”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or the like are used interchangeably herein.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an engineered microbial cell can be formulated to be suitable for oral administration, for example as discrete dosage forms, such as, but not limited to, tablets (including without limitation scored or coated tablets), pills, caplets, capsules, chewable tablets, powder packets, cachets, troches, wafers, aerosol sprays, or liquids, such as but not limited to, syrups, elixirs, solutions or suspensions in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion, or a water-in-oil emulsion. Such compositions contain a predetermined amount of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the disclosed compounds, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. See generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, Philadelphia Pa. (2005).

In certain embodiments, an effective dose of a composition comprising engineered microbial cells as described herein can be administered to a patient once. In certain embodiments, an effective dose of a composition comprising engineered microbial cells can be administered to a patient repeatedly. In some embodiments, the dose can be a daily administration, for example oral administration, of, e.g., a capsule comprising bacterial cells as described herein. In some embodiments, the dose can be, e.g. an injection or gavage of bacterial cells. In some embodiments, the dose can be administered systemically, e.g. by intravenous injection. In some embodiments, a dose can comprise from 10⁶ to 10¹² cells. In some embodiments, a dose can comprise from about 10⁸ to 10¹⁰ cells. A composition comprising engineered microbial cells can be administered over a period of time, such as over a 5-minute, 10-minute, I5-minute, 20-minute, 25-minute period, 30-minute period, 45-minute period, 60-minute period, 90-minute period, 120-minute period, etc. The administration can be repeated, for example, on a regular basis, such as every few days, once a week, or biweekly (i.e., every two weeks) for one month, two months, three months, four months or longer.

In some embodiments, after an initial treatment regimen, the treatments can be administered on a less frequent basis. For example, after treatment biweekly for three months, treatment can be repeated once per month, for six months or a year or longer.

The efficacy of engineered microbial cells in, e.g. the raising of an appropriate immune response to a specified disease, e.g., schistosomiasis, can be determined by the skilled clinician. However, a treatment is considered “effective treatment,” as the term is used herein, clinically useful partial or complete immunity is achieved. Efficacy can be assessed, for example, by measuring a marker, indicator, population statistic, or any other measurable parameter appropriate.

For convenience, the meaning of some terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below. Unless stated otherwise, or implicit from context, the following terms and phrases include the meanings provided below. The definitions are provided to aid in describing particular embodiments, and are not intended to limit the claimed technology, because the scope of the technology is limited only by the claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this technology belongs. If there is an apparent discrepancy between the usage of a term in the art and its definition provided herein, the definition provided within the specification shall prevail.

For convenience, certain terms employed herein, in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected here.

The terms “decrease”, “reduced”, “reduction”, or “inhibit” are all used herein to mean a decrease by a statistically significant amount. In some embodiments, the terms “reduced”, “reduction”, “decrease”, or “inhibit” can mean a decrease by at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example a decrease by at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or more or any decrease of at least 10% as compared to a reference level. In some embodiments, the terms can represent a 100% decrease, i.e. a non-detectable level as compared to a reference level. In the context of a marker or symptom, a “decrease” is a statistically significant decrease in such level. The decrease can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or more, and is preferably down to a level accepted as within the range of normal for an individual without such disorder. In some instances, the symptom can be essentially eliminated which means that the symptom is reduced, i.e. the individual is in at least temporary remission.

The terms “increased”, “increase”, “enhance”, or “activate” are all used herein to mean an increase by a statically significant amount. In some embodiments, the terms “increased”, “increase”, “enhance”, or “activate” can mean an increase of at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example an increase of at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% increase or any increase between 10-100% as compared to a reference level, or at least about a 2-fold, or at least about a 3-fold, or at least about a 4-fold, or at least about a 5-fold or at least about a 10-fold increase, or any increase between 2-fold and 10-fold or greater as compared to a reference level. In the context of a marker or symptom, a “increase” is a statistically significant increase in such level.

As used herein, a “subject” means a human or non-human animal. Usually the non-human animal is a vertebrate such as a primate, rodent, domestic animal or game animal. Primates include chimpanzees, cynomolgus monkeys, spider monkeys, and macaques, e.g., Rhesus. Rodents include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits and hamsters. Animals also include armadillos, hedgehogs, and camels, to name a few. Domestic and game animals include cows, horses, pigs, deer, bison, buffalo, feline species, e.g., domestic cat, canine species, e.g., dog, fox, wolf, avian species, e.g., chicken, emu, ostrich, and fish, e.g., trout, catfish and salmon. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, e.g., a primate, e.g., a human. The terms, “individual,” “patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein.

Preferably, the subject is a mammal. The mammal can be a human, non-human primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, horse, cow, or pig, but is not limited to these examples. Mammals other than humans can be advantageously used as subjects that represent animal models of a given condition. A subject can be male or female.

A subject can be one who has been previously diagnosed with or identified as suffering from or having a condition in need of treatment, and optionally, have already undergone treatment. Alternatively, a subject can also be one who has not been previously diagnosed as having a condition. For example, a subject can be one who exhibits one or more risk factors or a subject who does not exhibit risk factors.

A “subject in need” of treatment for a particular condition can be a subject having that condition, diagnosed as having that condition, or at risk of developing that condition.

As used herein, the terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected to each other by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carboxy groups of adjacent residues. The terms “protein”, and “polypeptide” refer to a polymer of amino acids, including modified amino acids (e.g., phosphorylated, glycated, glycosylated, etc.) and amino acid analogs, regardless of its size or function. “Protein” and “polypeptide” are often used in reference to relatively large polypeptides, whereas the term “peptide” is often used in reference to small polypeptides, but usage of these terms in the art overlaps. The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein when referring to a gene product and fragments thereof. Thus, exemplary polypeptides or proteins include gene products, naturally occurring proteins, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, fragments, and analogs of the foregoing.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence” refers to any molecule, preferably a polymeric molecule, incorporating units of ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid or an analog thereof. The nucleic acid can be either single-stranded or double-stranded. A single-stranded nucleic acid can be one strand nucleic acid of a denatured double-stranded DNA. Alternatively, it can be a single-stranded nucleic acid not derived from any double-stranded DNA. In one aspect, the nucleic acid can be DNA. In another aspect, the nucleic acid can be RNA. Suitable nucleic acid molecules are DNA, including genomic DNA or cDNA. Other suitable nucleic acid molecules are RNA, including mRNA.

The term “expression” refers to the cellular processes involved in producing RNA and proteins and as appropriate, secreting proteins, including where applicable, but not limited to, for example, transcription, transcript processing, translation and protein folding, modification and processing. “Expression products” include RNA transcribed from a gene, and polypeptides obtained by translation of mRNA transcribed from a gene. The term “gene” means the nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed (DNA) to RNA in vitro or in vivo when operatively linked to appropriate regulatory sequences. A gene may or may not include regions preceding and following the coding region, e.g. 5′ untranslated (5′UTR) or “leader” sequences and 3′ UTR or “trailer” sequences.

The term “operatively linked” includes having an appropriate start signal (e.g., ATG) in front of the polynucleotide sequence to be expressed, and maintaining the correct reading frame to permit expression of the polynucleotide sequence under the control of the expression control sequence, and, optionally, production of the desired polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide sequence. In some examples, transcription of a nucleic acid is under the control of a promoter sequence (or other transcriptional regulatory sequence) which controls the expression of the nucleic acid in a cell-type in which expression is intended. It will also be understood that the nucleic acid can be under the control of transcriptional regulatory sequences which are the same or which are different from those sequences which control transcription of the naturally-occurring form of a protein.

The term “isolated” or “partially purified” as used herein refers, in the case of a nucleic acid or polypeptide, to a nucleic acid or polypeptide separated from at least one other component (e.g., nucleic acid or polypeptide) that is present with the nucleic acid or polypeptide as found in its natural source and/or that would be present with the nucleic acid or polypeptide when expressed by a cell, or secreted in the case of secreted polypeptides. A chemically synthesized nucleic acid or polypeptide or one synthesized using in vitro transcription/translation is considered “isolated.”

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” “treating,” or “amelioration” refer to therapeutic treatments, wherein the object is to reverse, alleviate, ameliorate, inhibit, slow down or stop the progression or severity of a condition associated with a disease or disorder, e.g. cancer or inflammation. The term “treating” includes reducing or alleviating at least one adverse effect or symptom of a condition, disease or disorder. Treatment is generally “effective” if one or more symptoms or clinical markers are reduced. Alternatively, treatment is “effective” if the progression of a disease is reduced or halted. That is, “treatment” includes not just the improvement of symptoms or markers, but also a cessation of, or at least slowing of, progress or worsening of symptoms compared to what would be expected in the absence of treatment. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of one or more symptom(s), diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, remission (whether partial or total), and/or decreased mortality, whether detectable or undetectable. The term “treatment” of a disease also includes providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment).

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to the active agent in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g. a carrier commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, the term “administering,” refers to the placement of a compound as disclosed herein into a subject by a method or route which results in at least partial delivery of the agent at a desired site. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein can be administered by any appropriate route which results in an effective treatment in the subject.

The term “statistically significant” or “significantly” refers to statistical significance and generally means a two standard deviation (2SD) or greater difference.

Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.” The term “about” when used in connection with percentages can mean±1%.

As used herein the term “comprising” or “comprises” is used in reference to compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof, that are essential to the method or composition, yet open to the inclusion of unspecified elements, whether essential or not.

The term “consisting of” refers to compositions, methods, and respective components thereof as described herein, which are exclusive of any element not recited in that description of the embodiment.

As used herein the term “consisting essentially of” refers to those elements required for a given embodiment. The term permits the presence of elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel or functional characteristic(s) of that embodiment.

The singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of this disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The abbreviation, “e.g.” is derived from the Latin exempli gratia, and is used herein to indicate a non-limiting example. Thus, the abbreviation “e.g.” is synonymous with the term “for example.”

Definitions of common terms in cell biology and molecular biology can be found in “The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy”, 19th Edition, published by Merck Research Laboratories, 2006 (ISBN 0-911910-19-0); Robert S. Porter et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); Benjamin Lewin, Genes X, published by Jones & Bartlett Publishing, 2009 (ISBN-10: 0763766321); Kendrew et al. (eds.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8) and Current Protocols in Protein Sciences 2009, Wiley Intersciences, Coligan et al., eds.

Unless otherwise stated, the present technology was performed using standard procedures, as described, for example in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3 ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., USA (2001); Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, USA (1995); Current Protocols in Protein Science (CPPS) (John E. Coligan, et. al., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Current Protocols in Cell Biology (CPCB) (Juan S. Bonifacino et. al. ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), and Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique by R. Ian Freshney, Publisher: Wiley-Liss; 5th edition (2005), Animal Cell Culture Methods (Methods in Cell Bio., Vol. 57, Jennie P. Mather and David Barnes editors, Academic Press, 1st edition, 1998). Other terms are defined herein within the description of the various aspects of the technology.

All patents and other publications; including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications; cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, including, but not limited to, describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the technology described herein. The technologies and techniques provide written description for details of elements mentioned in this disclosure, enablement for their manufacture and use, and their citation is intended to reflect a possession of the content of those mentioned works as being an integral part of the present technology. The incorporations are not intended to be limiting with respect to alternates outside of the respective incorporated disclosures, except where adoption of the respective disclosure for the intended purpose is restrictive in nature.

The description of embodiments of the disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while method steps or functions are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform functions in a different order, or functions may be performed substantially concurrently. The teachings of the disclosure provided herein can be applied to other procedures or methods as appropriate. The various embodiments described herein can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the disclosure can be modified, if necessary, to employ the compositions, functions and concepts of the above references and application to provide yet further embodiments of the disclosure. Moreover, due to biological functional equivalency considerations, some changes can be made in protein structure without affecting the biological or chemical action in kind or amount. These and other changes can be made to the disclosure in light of the detailed description. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

Specific elements of any of the foregoing embodiments can be combined or substituted for elements in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the disclosure have been described in the context of these embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the disclosure.

It is therefore an object to provide a genetically engineered bacterium, comprising: at least one heterologous copper binding protein gene which results in expression of a copper binding protein and is capable of reducing copper availability external to the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, in a neoplastic tissue. The bacterium is preferably a live, replication competent bacterium. The bacterium preferably is tumor targeting, i.e., having a selective tropism for tumors over normal gut tissues and liver.

The live genetically engineered may be adapted to colonize a mammalian tissue where the copper binding protein is derived from Vibrio alginolyticus. The genetically engineered bacterium may be adapted to selectively colonize a mammalian neoplastic tissue. The genetically engineered may be adapted to selectively colonize metastatic cancerous mammalian tissue, wherein the reduction of copper availability reduces angiogenesis. The genetically engineered bacterium may produce a copper binding protein derived from Vibrio alginolyticus. The genetically engineered bacterium may further express a copper resistance protein.

It is also an object to provide a live genetically engineered bacterium comprising at least one genetic operon resulting in expression of a heterologous copper binding siderophore, the live genetically engineered bacterium being capable of colonizing and reducing copper availability to cancerous tissue. The bacterium may further express a copper resistance protein. The siderophore may be selected from the group consisting of methanobactin and yersiniabactin.

It is a further object to provide a method of treating a neoplasm, comprising pretreating a patient with an ACE inhibitor and/or chloroquine followed by a tumor-targeted bacterium. The tumor-targeted bacterium may express a copper-binding protein. The tumor-targeted bacteria may express a cytotoxic protein. The cytotoxic protein may be selected from the group consisting of: small lytic peptides, larger lytic peptides, pore-forming toxins, protein inhibitors, extracellular DNAases (DNase), intracellular DNAases, apoptosis inducing peptides, cytokines, prodrug converting enzymes, metabolite destroying enzymes, ribonucleases, antibody inactivating toxins and other anticancer peptides including those that are naturally secreted, released and/or surface displayed, or heterologously secreted, released and/or surface displayed, and that can be modified uniquely to suit the delivery by a bacterium and may be further engineered to have the tumor, lymphoma, leukemic bone marrow or proximity-selective targeting system including but not limited to the proteins azurin, carboxylesterase Est55 (a prodrug converting enzyme from Geobacillus that activates CPT-11 to SN-38), thiaminase (e.g., from Bacillus), methionase (methioninase), asparaginase, tryptophanase, apoptin, Torquetnovirus (TTV) derived apoptosis-inducing protein TAIP and with gyrovirus VP3 bax, bim, p53, BAK, BH3 peptide (BCL2 homology domain 3), cytochrome C, thrombospondin, platelet factor 4 (PF4) peptide, Bacillus sp. cytolysins, Bacillus sp. nheABC toxins, cytolethal distending toxins (cldt) including those cldts from Hemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Hahella and Yersinia, typhoid toxins (pertussis like toxin) (pltAB), pertussis toxin, cldt:plt hybrids, cldt:apoptin N terminal fusion, cldt:apoptin C-terminal fusions, actAB, cytotoxic necrotic factor (cnf), dermonecrotic factor (dnf), shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins, bacteriocins, (colicins and microcins; Hen and Jack, Chapter 13 Microcins, in Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, A. Press; Nes et al., Ch. 17, The nonlantibiotic heat-stable bacteriocins in gram-positive bacteria, in Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Ac. Press; Sharma et al., Ch. 18 in Kastin (ed), 2006, Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Ac. Press) including membrane depolarizing (or pore-forming), DNAases (including colicin DNase, Staphylococcal Nuclease A:OmpA fusions (Takahara et al., 1985 J. Biol. Chem 260: 2670-2674), Serratia marcescens DNase (Clegg and Allen, 1985, FEMS Microbiology Letters 27: 257-262; Vibrio DNase Newland et al., 1985 Infect Immun 47: 691-696) or other bacterial DNase), RNAases, and tRNAases, including but not limited colicin A, colicin D, colicin E5, colicin E492, microcin M24, colE1, colE2, colE3, colE5 colE7, coleE8, colE9, col-1a, colicin N and colicin B, membrane lytic peptides from Staphylococcus (listed below) and sea anemones, P15 peptide and other TGF-beta mimics, repeat in toxin (RTX) family members (together with the necessary acylation and secretion genes) including Actinobacillus leucotoxins, a leuckotoxin: E. coli HlyA hybrid, E. coli HlyA hemolysin, Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin, heat stable enterotoxins from E. coli and Vibrio sp. (Dubreuil 2006, Chapter 48, Escherichia coli, Vibrio and Yersinia species heat stable enterotoxins, Alouf and Popoff (eds), 2006, Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 3^(rd) Edition, Ac. Press), autotransporter toxins including but not limited to IgA protease, picU espC, and sat, Staphylococcus protein A, clostridium enterotoxin, Clostridium difficile toxin A, scorpion chlorotoxin, aerolysin, subtilase, cereolysin, Staphylococcus leukotoxins (e.g. LukF-PV, LukF-R, LukF-I, LukM, HlgB) and the other, to class S (e.g. LukS-PV, LukS-R, LukS-I, HlgA, HlgC). Best known are the toxins produced by S. aureus: γ-haemolysins, HlgA/HlgB and HlgC/HlgB and leukocidin Panton-Valentine, LukS-PV/LukF-PV (Luk-PV, PVL)) TRAIL, fasL, IL-18, CCL-21, human cytokine LIGHT, agglutinins (Maackia amurensis, wheat germ, Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon (tomato) plant lectin, leukoagglutinin (L-PHA, Helix pomatia) saporin, ricin, pertussis toxin, porB, Pseudomonas ToxA and modified Pseudomonas ToxA+/−a colicin or phage lysis protein such as ColE3 lysis (e.g., Pseudomonas ToxA KDEL, O-T-G-PE38R, O-T-G-PE38K, O-T-G-D111R, O-T-G-D111K, O-T-G-D1bR, O-T-G-D1bK).

It is a still further object to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, comprising: a live genetically engineered bacterium, having at least one heterologous copper binding protein gene which results in expression of a copper binding protein, the live genetically engineered bacterium being capable of reducing copper availability in its environment, the live genetically engineered bacterium being a tumor targeting bacterium adapted to replicate in a neoplastic tissue; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, provided in unit dosage form for administration to a human. At least a portion of the live genetically engineered bacterium may be replication competent. The live genetically engineered bacterium may be a Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.

The copper binding protein may be a chimeric protein comprising a copper binding portion and a secretion peptide portion that interacts with a secretion system of the live genetically engineered bacterium to promote secretion of the chimeric protein from the live genetically engineered bacterium.

The bacterium to be administered may be selected from the group consisting of: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidus breve, Enteroccus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidus longum ssp. infantis, Enteroccus faecalis, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Bifidus longum ssp. longum, Lactococcus lactis, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bifidus adolescentis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus reuterii, Bifidus animalis ssp. lactis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidus bifidum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus amylovorus. The bacterium may also be attenuated Salmonella, e.g., YS1646 or YS1646 zwf-.

Another object provides a method of treating a genetic defect of copper metabolism, comprising administering a non-pathogenic bacteria which colonizes an enteric tissue of a host animal and sequesters copper from its environment, in such an amount and in such dosage form, to effectively reduce availability of copper from dietary sources to the host animal, to thereby reduce excess copper in tissues of the host animal and effectively treat the genetic defect of copper metabolism of the host animal. The non-pathogenic bacteria preferably persists in the enteric tissue of the host animal for at least one day, permitting i.d. or b.i.d. dosage regimen.

The dosage form may be a dairy food product, e.g., liquid, yogurt or cheese. The dosage form may also comprise lyophilized bacteria, e.g., in an enteric dissolution capsule which delivers the bacteria to the gut while protecting them from stomach acid. The non-pathogenic bacteria may be probiotic. The non-pathogenic bacteria may produce a copper-sequestering peptide, and/or secrete a heterologous copper-binding peptide, and/or a heterologous or homologous siderophore. The enteric tissue is, e.g., the colon.

The non-pathogenic bacteria may further produce at least one bacteriocin or microcin.

The animal host may have Wilson's disease, Menke's disease, or a neurological disorder associated with copper toxicity.

A further object provides a heavy metal toxicity treatment for a host animal, by colonizing an enteric tissue after administering a non-pathogenic bacteria to the host animal, which sequesters the heavy metal in the tissue, the non-pathogenic bacteria being provided in such an amount and in such dosage form, to deplete heavy metal in tissues of the host animal outside the enteric tissue, and effectively treat the heavy metal toxicity of the host animal.

It is an object to provide a live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, comprising at least one heterologous copper binding protein gene which causes the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express a copper binding protein and is capable of reducing copper availability external to the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium.

The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium may be adapted to colonize a mammal, e.g., a mammalian tissue and/or a mammalian neoplastic tissue.

The bacteria may be adapted to selectively colonize a mammalian metastatic cancerous tissue, wherein the reduction of copper availability reduces angiogenesis in the colonized mammalian metastatic cancerous tissue.

The copper binding protein may be derived from Vibrio alginolyticus The bacteria may further express a heterologous Vibrio alginolyticus copper resistance protein, or a heterologous copper resistance protein.

The copper binding protein may be a copper-binding siderophore, and the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium may be adapted to colonize and persist within a host organism, and reduce copper availability to the host organism.

The host organism may have a defect of copper metabolism, and the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium may be effective to treat a disease associated with the defect of copper metabolism. The host organism may have a defect in ATP7A or ATP7B, and the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium may be effective to treat a disease associated with the defect in ATP7A or ATP7B.

The bacteria may further comprise at least one gene which causes the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express a cytotoxic protein.

The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium may be of species E. coli, genus/species Salmonella, or at least one of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidus breve, Enteroccus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidus longum ssp. infantis, Enteroccus faecalis, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Bifidus longum ssp. longum, Lactococcus lacus, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bifidus adolescentis, Streptococcus thermophilus. Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus reuterii, Bifidus animalis ssp. lactis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidus bifidum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus amylovorus.

The copper binding protein may be selected from the group consisting of methanobactin, yersiniabactin, Vibrio alginolyticus copper binding protein, plastocyanin, amicyanin, auracyanin A, auracyanin B, Alcaligenes blue copper protein, cupredoxin, halocyanin, rusticyaninstellacyanin, umecyanin, aerobactin, salmonchelin, and ceruloplasmin.

It is another object to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, comprising: a live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, having at least one heterologous copper binding protein gene which results in expression of a copper binding protein, the live genetically engineered bacterium being capable of reducing copper availability in its environment, the live genetically engineered bacterium being a probiotic bacterium adapted to replicate in an enteric organ of a human; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, provided in unit dosage form for administration to the human.

The copper binding protein may be a chimeric protein comprising a copper binding portion and a secretion peptide portion that interacts with a secretion system of the live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to promote secretion of the chimeric protein from the live genetically engineered bacterium into the environment.

It is a further object to provide a method of treating a patient having an excess of transition metals in tissue, comprising: administering a non-pathogenic live bacteria to the patient, the non-pathogenic live bacteria being genetically engineered to express a heterologous transition metal binding protein which sequesters transition metals in an environment of the non-pathogenic live bacteria; colonizing an enteric tissue of the patient with the non-pathogenic live bacteria; effectively reducing availability of the transition metal from dietary sources to the patient, to thereby treat the excess of transition metals.

The excess of transition metals may comprise an excess of copper, the heterologous transition metal binding protein may comprise a copper binding peptide, and the non-pathogenic live bacteria may be effective to reduce availability of copper from dietary sources to the patient, to thereby treat Wilson disease or Menke's disease.

The live genetically engineered bacterium may be an antibiotic-sensitive bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Salmonella, E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidus breve, Enteroccus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidus longum ssp. infantis, Enteroccus faecalis, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Bifidus longum ssp. longum, Lactococcus lacus, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bifidus adolescentis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus reuterii, Bifidus animalis ssp. lactis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidus bifidum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus amylovorus.

The technology described herein is further illustrated by the following examples which in no way should be construed as being further limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a Salmonella expressing a copper binding protein and binding copper in the periplasm.

FIG. 2 shows a Salmonella expressing a copper binding protein and a copper resistance protein.

FIGS. 3A-3C shows the methanobactin operon (FIG. 3A), a Salmonella expressing methanobactin (FIG. 3B), and methanobactin (FIG. 3C)

FIGS. 4A-4C show the yersiniabactin operon (FIG. 4A), a Salmonella expressing yersiniabactin (FIG. 4B), and yersiniabactin (FIG. 4C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present technology provides, according to various embodiments, bacteria with the ability to reduce the availability of copper to cancer cells, endothelial cells, cancer associated and tumor stromal cells. Reduction in copper availability, alone or in combination, results in an overall decrease in copper availability through 1) copper sequestration, including binding, chelating or internalizing copper, 2) locally precipitating copper, and/or 3) oxidizing or reducing copper into a form that cannot be utilized by cancerous cells, cancer associated cells or endothelial cells.

For reasons of clarity, the detailed description is divided into the following subsections: 1) bacteria that sequester copper, and 2) bacteria resistant to copper.

The present technology provides, according to various embodiments, improved live attenuated therapeutic bacterial strains that express one or more therapeutic molecules that exert their therapeutic effect through reducing the availability of copper. The primary characteristic of the bacteria of certain embodiments of the technology is to reduce the availability of copper to cancerous tissue, which thereby have enhanced antitumor activity. A secondary effect of the bacteria is to normalize tumor vasculature and increase the availability of anticancer agents to the tumor. In one embodiment, the percent increase in effect is approximately 2% to approximately 95%, approximately 2% to approximately 75%, approximately 2% to approximately 50%, approximately 2% to about 40%, approximately 2% to about 30%, approximately 2% to about 25%, approximately 2% to about 20% or about 2% to approximately 10% greater than the parental strain of bacteria without expressing one or more of the modifications described herein under the same conditions.

According to other embodiments, compositions derived from bacteria are employed as useful therapies in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, in some cases in unit dose form.

Tumor-targeted bacteria that sequester copper.

Typical Salmonella are gram-negative rods that require minimal amounts of copper for survival, an essential nutrient that is required by all organisms. Salmonella and other bacteria of the technology have the ability to bind or sequester higher amounts of copper by several different means. Bacteria that sequester greater than normal amounts of copper are generated by cloning copper binding proteins, copper siderophores, or enzymes that chemically oxidize or reduce copper thereby making it unavailable for cancerous tissue. The effect of these bacteria on copper-containing solutions can be measured in vitro, and the effect of these bacteria can be measured in vivo.

Tumor-targeted bacteria that are resistant to copper.

Typical Salmonella and other bacteria of the technology are sensitive to high levels of copper. Bacteria resistant to copper may be isolated by random mutagenesis using UV and nitrosoguanidine, or by transposon mutagenesis and selected for smaller size as described above. Alternatively, unsuppressed msbB strains (YSI; Murray et al., 2001, Extragenic suppressors of msbB growth defects in Salmonella. J. Bacteriol. 183: 5554-5561) or partially suppressed msbB strains (Murray et al., 2007. PmrA(Con) Confers pmrHFIJKL-Dependent EGTA and Polymyxin Resistance on msbB Salmonella by Decorating Lipid A with Phosphoethanolamine. J. Bacteriology, 189: 5161-5169; Murray et. al., 2004 Hot spot for a large deletion in the 18-19 Cs region confers a multiple phenotype in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain ATCC 14028, J. Bacteriol, 186: 8516-8523) may be used to selected for spontaneous mutations or combination of selections thereof. The mutations can be identified by methods known to those skilled in the art including genome sequencing.

Bacteria resistant to copper may also be generated by heterologous expression or overexpression of copper resistance proteins. It is understood that the sequences are publicly available (e.g., Stein et al., 2010, Genome Sequence of the Obligate Methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium Strain OB3b J. Bacteriol. December 2010 vol. 192 no. 24 6497-6498, Genbank ADVE00000000; Hurst et al., 2014, Draft Genome Sequence of Photorhabdus temperata Strain MegI, an Entomopathogenic Bacterium Isolated from Heterorhabditis megidis Nematodes, Genome Announce 2(6): e01273-14, and many others).

The figures show compositions and methods to modify bacteria of the present technology.

FIG. 1 shows a tumor-targeted bacteria expressing a copper binding protein. The figure shows a gram-negative bacterium with an inner membrane (IM) and outer membrane (OM), and a copper binding protein in the periplasmic space, as well as secreted. External copper binds externally and/or enters into the periplasmic space and is trapped by the copper-binding protein.

FIG. 2 shows a tumor-targeted bacteria expressing a copper binding protein and a copper-resistance protein. The figure shows a gram-negative bacterium with an inner membrane (IM) and outer membrane (OM), and a copper binding protein in the periplasmic space interspersed with a copper resistance protein. External copper binds externally and/or enters into the periplasmic space and is trapped by the copper-binding protein (X) while the resistance protein protects the bacterium form copper toxicity.

FIGS. 3A-3C show a tumor-targeted Salmonella expression of methanobactin. FIG. 3A shows the methanobactin operon (redrawn from Kenny and Rosenzweig 2013, Genome mining for methanobactins. BMC Biology 2013, 11:17 doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-17). 1—mobile genetic element; 2—ECF s70 factor FecI-like=MbnI; 3—FecR-like membrane sensor (MbnR); 4—TonB-dependent transporter (MbnT); 5—MbnA (Mbn precursor); 6—MbnB (unknown Mbn biosynthesis protein 1); 7—MbnC (unknown Mbn biosynthesis protein 2); 8—MATE efflux pump (MbnM); 9—Periplasmic binding protein; 10—Partner of MbnH (MbnP); 11 Di-heme cytochrome c peroxidase (MbnH); 12—Annotated proteins of unknown relevance; 13—Putative/hypothetical protein (includes ECF s70 and ATP/Zn protease and Type I restriction modifying enzyme). FIG. 3B shows Salmonella VNP20009 containing the Mbn operon on an expression plasmid, or inserted into the chromosome. FIG. 3C shows methanobactin (see, Krentz et al. (2010) A comparison of methanobactins from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylocystis strain SB2 predicts methanobactins are synthesized from diverse peptide precursors modified to create a common core for binding and reducing copper ions. Biochemistry 49: 10117-10130.) FIGS. 4A-4C show the Ybt synthetase organized into non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS) and polypeptide synthesis (PKS) domains that results in yersiniabactin production from tumor-targeted Salmonella. FIG. 4A shows the polyketide synthase, non-ribosomal peptide synthase complex) YbtE (activation); HMWP2 (1, aryl carrier protein; 2, cyclization protein 1; 3, adenylation; 4, peptidyl carrier protein; 5, cyclization protein 2; 6, peptidyl carrier protein 2); HMWP1 (7, ketosynthase; 8, acyltransferase; 9, methyltransferase 1; 10, NADPH-dependent ketoreductase; 11, acyl carrier protein; 12; cyclization protein 3; 13, methyltransferase 2; 14, peptidyl carrier protein 3; 15, thioesterase); 16, the YbtU reductase; irp9 from Yersinia enterocolitica converts chorismate from the shikimate pathway into salicylate; ybt T accessory protein. FIG. 4B shows Salmonella (e.g., tumor targeted Salmonella VNP20009) with the polyketide synthase non-ribosomal synthase complex either on one or more expression plasmids or inserted into the chromosome. FIG. 4C shows the yersiniabactin produced by tumor-targeted Salmonella.

EXAMPLES

In order to more fully illustrate the technology, the following examples are provided.

Example 1: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing a Vibrio alginolyticus Copper Sensitivity Suppressor Protein

Inducible expression vectors for E. coli and Salmonella, such as arabinose inducible expression vectors, are widely available and known to those skilled in the art. By way of example, an expression vector typically contains a promoter which functions to generate an mRNA from the DNA, such as an inducible arabinose promoter with a functional ribosomal binding site (RBS) an initiation codon (ATG) and suitable cloning sites for operable insertion of the functional DNA encoding the effector proteins described below into the vector, followed by a transcriptional termination site, plasmid origin of replication, and an antibiotic resistance factor that allows selection for the plasmid. Vectors that lack antibiotic resistance such as asa(−) balanced lethal vectors (Galan et al., 1990 cloning and characterization of the asd gene of Salmonella Typhimurium use in stable maintenance of recombinant Salmonella vaccine strains, Gene 94: 29-35) may also be used, or insertion into the chromosome.

The Vibrio alginolyticus chromosome 2 copper sensitivity suppressor protein A has the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 1: MVCLSQNSGFSKSCPKAHQIQSQQNESVNLSPSCDLSEKLVQAYQHQFDH ILIPFFLFALIVALPMASTAIRYLEYTEPIREKYRVHLKLCVFRE

and is encoded by the DNA

SEQ ID NO: 2: atggtatgataagccaaaactccggcactcgaaaagctgccctaaggctc accaaatacagagtcagcaaaatgaaagcgtgaatttatcaccatcttgc gaccatcagagaagctggttcaagcgtaccaacaccagatgatcatattc ttattccattattctgatgctttgattgtggcgctgccgatggcatccac agcaattcgttatctggaatacacagaaccgatacgggaaaagtatcggg ttcacctaaaactagcgtgatagagaataa

The complete sequence of the arabinose inducible plasmid capable of expressing the copper sensitivity suppressor protein with a start codon at 35I is constructed using methods known to those skilled in the art including PCR and synthetic biology in order to generate

SEQ ID NO: 3: gggGGCGGCCGCaagaaaccaattgtccatattgcatcagacattgccgt cactgcgtcattactggctcttctcgctaaccaaaccggtaaccccgctt attaaaagcattctgtaacaaagcgggaccaaagccatgacaaaaacgcg taacaaaagtgtctataatcacggcagaaaagtccacattgattatttgc acggcgtcacactagctatgccatagcattatatccataagattagcgga tcctacctgacgcatttatcgcaactctctactgatctccatacccgata ttgggctagcgaattcgagctCGGTACCCAGGAGGAATTCACCATGgtat gtttaagcc aaaac tccggc ttc tcgaaaagctgccctaaggctca ccaaatacagagtcagcaaaatgaaagcgtgaatttatcaccatcttgcg acctttcagagaagctggttcaagcgtaccaacaccagatgatcatattc ttattccattttttctgtttgctttgattgtggcgctgccgatggcACCC CATGCCGAACTCAGAAGTGAAACGCCGTAGCGCCGATGGTAGTGTGGGGT CTCCCCATGCGAGAGTAGGGAACTGCCAGGCATCAAATAAAACGAAAGGC TCAGTCGAAAGACTGGGCCTTTCGTTTTATCTGTTGTTTGTCGGTGAACG CTCTCCTGAGTAGGACAAATCCGCCGGGAGCGGATTTGAACGTTGCGAAG CAACGGCCCGGAGGGTGGCGGGCAGGACGCCCGCCATAAACTGCCAGGCA TCAAATTAAGCAGAAGGCCATCCTGACGGATGGCCTTTTTGCGTTTCTAC AAACTCTTTTTGTTTATTTTTCTAAATACATTCAAATATGTATCCGCTCA TGAGACAATAACCCTGATAAATGCTTCAATAATATTGAAAAAGGAAGAGT ATGAGTATTCAACATTTCCGTGTCGCCCTTATTCCCTTTTTTGCGGCATT TTGCCTTCCTGTTTTTGCTCACCCAGAAACGCTGGTGAAAGTAAAAGATG CTGAAGATCAGTTGGGTGCACGAGTGGGTTACATCGAACTGGATCTCAAC AGCGGTAAGATCCTTGAGAGTTTTCGCCCCGAAGAACGTTTTCCAATGAT GAGCACTTTTAAAGTTCTGCTATGTGGCGCGGTATTATCCCGTGTTGACG CCGGGCAAGAGCAACTCGGTCGCCGCATACACTATTCTCAGAATGACTTG GTTGAGTACTCACCAGTCACAGAAAAGCATCTTACGGATGGCATGACAGT AAGAGAATTATGCAGTGCTGCCATAACCATGAGTGATAACACTGCGGCCA ACTTACTTCTGACAACGATCGGAGGACCGAAGGAGCTAACCGCTTTTTTG CACAACATGGGGGATCATGTAACTCGCCTTGATCGTTGGGAACCGGAGCT GAATGAAGCCATACCAAACGACGAGCGTGACACCACGATGCCTACAGCAA TGGCAACAACGTTGCGCAAACTATTAACTGGCGAACTACTTACTCTAGCT TCCCGGCAACAATTAATAGACTGGATGGAGGCGGATAAAGTTGCAGGACC ACTTCTGCGCTCGGCCCTTCCGGCTGGCTGGTTTATTGCTGATAAATCTG GAGCCGGTGAGCGTGGGTCTCGCGGTATCATTGCAGCACTGGGGCCAGAT GGTAAGCCCTCCCGTATCGTAGTTATCTACACGACGGGGAGTCAGGCAAC TATGGATGAACGAAATAGACAGATCGCTGAGATAGGTGCCTCACTGATTA AGCATTGGTAACTGTCAGACCAAGTTTACTCATATATACTTTAGATTGAT TTAAAACTTCATTTTTAATTTAAAAGGATCTAGGTGAAGATCCTTTTTGA TAATCTCATGACCAAAATCCCTTAACGTGAGTTTTCGTTCCACTGAGCGT CAGACCCCGTAGAAAAGATCAAAGGATCTTCTTGAGATCCTTTTTTTCTG CGCGTAATCTGCTGCTTGCAAACAAAAAAACCACCGCTACCAGCGGTGGT TTGTTTGCCGGATCAAGAGCTACCAACTCTTTTTCCGAAGGTAACTGGCT TCAGCAGAGCGCAGATACCAAATACTGTCCTTCTAGTGTAGCCGTAGTTA GGCCACCACTTCAAGAACTCTGTAGCACCGCCTACATACCTCGCTCTGCT AATCCTGTTACCAGTGGCTGCTGCCAGTGGCGATAAGTCGTGTCTTACCG GGTTGGACTCAAGACGATAGTTACCGGATAAGGCGCAGCGGTCGGGCTGA ACGGGGGGTTCGTGCACACAGCCCAGCTTGGAGCGAACGACCTACACCGA ACTGAGATACCTACAGCGTGAGCTATGAGAAAGCGCCACGCTTCCCGAAG GGAGAAAGGCGGACAGGTATCCGGTAAGCGGCAGGGTCGGAACAGGAGAG CGCACGAGGGAGCTTCCAGGGGGAAACGCCTGGTATCTTTATAGTCCTGT CGGGTTTCGCCACCTCTGACTTGAGCGTCGATTTTTGTGATGCTCGTCAG GGGGGCGGAGCCTATGGAAAAACGCCAGCAACGCGGCCTTTTTACGGTTC CTGGCCTTTTGCTGGCCTTTTGCTCACATGTTCTTTCCTGCGTTATCCCC TGATTCTGTGGATAACCGTATTACCGCCTTTGAGTGAGCTGATACCGCTC GCCGCAGCCGAACGACCGAGCGCAGCGAGTCAGTGAGCGAGGAAGCGGAA GAGCGCCTGATGCGGTATTTTCTCCTTACGCATCTGTGCGGTATTTCACA CCGCATATG

Determination of copper sensitivity can be performed by any of the means known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods of Achard et al., 2010 (The multi-copper-ion oxidase CueO of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is required for systemic virulence. Infect Immun 78: 2312-2319) or de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996 (Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554).

Example 2. A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing the Vibrio alginolyticus Putative Suppressor for Copper-Sensitivity B Protein

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 4: MNQIIKLTQFAFMFFMTLALSLLSLSISAQTTDIGWITNPQHPPVQTRFV LIGQQDPQAKTLTGYLDVKLTGDWKTYWRSPGEGGVAPSIDWQNSQNLSK VDWQWPHPQKFELLGIETLGYKGDTLFPMILHVEDMSKPVTIDAVLILSS CITICVLIDYQIQLTFLPSDLTVDEGVMFSYAQAVSNVPQPSPFIDVTQA SWDVNQSKLQIKLQNSQGWQQPQVLVDGVDEATRDYSFKLEGMHQEGNIV TASYIVDTWLGDVELDGQSLFVTIKDTNLLAEETTQATAEAIVEPLPSTS LTSVFLFALLGGLILNIMPCVLPVLGMKLSSIVAAQGIERRQIRAQFVAS SLGILTSFWILAGFILVLKLIGNAIGWGVQFQSPWFLGLMVLVITLFGAN MLGLFEVRLSSGINTWLASKGDNSLAGHYVQGMFAILLATPCSAPFLGTA VAFALGADVLTLFATFTALALGMALPWLLVAVFPNIALKLPKPGSWMNVV KIVFGIMMLATSIWLLSLMANHVPMLWIALIAVVAFVVMMARVKKVYGEK ALAVSGTASLVLIAGGLLLGSVTADQWATPLPEDLAWQKLSNSAIEDHVN NGRVVFVDVTADWCVTCKANKIGVIWQDPVYSLLQSPNVATLKGDWTHPD GSVTDFLRAHGRYGVPFNIVYGPAAPQGIPLPVILTDDVVLSAVKQASGG AIQ

Determination of copper sensitivity can be performed by any of the means known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods of Achard et al., 2010 (The multi-copper-ion oxidase CueO of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is required for systemic virulence. Infect Immun 78: 2312-2319 or de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996 (Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554).

Example 3: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing the Vibrio alginolyticus Copper Binding Protein

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 5: MKKT LIT LALALTTTTAFAQMDHSNMDHANMDHSNMKHENMDHGSMKM DHSKMDHSNMMDMPGMSAVGMPAKGAKPDKVVHVILGDDMTIKFKKDVKI EPNDVVQFVVMNTGKINHEFTIGSAKEQLEHREMMKTMSGDHMHDSGNAV TVEPGKAKQLLWHFHGDNKVEFACNIPGHAESGMVKKIEL

Measurement of copper accumulation can utilize any of the methods known to those skilled in the art, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996, Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554), copper selective electrodes and mass spectroscopy (Berson and Lidstrom 1996, Study of copper accumulation by the Type I methanotroph Methylomicrobium albus BG8, Environ. Sci. Technol 30: 802-809.

Example 4: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing a Vibrio alginolyticus Copper Homeostasis Protein

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 6: MNVVTHLEVCIDNIESLHYAIAGGATRIELCSSLALGGLTPSYGFMQQAA KLSSVPVYAMIRPRQGDFFYNEEEIEMMRWDIEAAHQSGLSGVVFGVLIQ DGDIHMPYAAALCEFAQALGLGVTFHRAFDQCRDAEKTLEELISLGCERI LTSGLAPSAPQGIDVLRALVKQAQGRIAIMAGAGVNASNVRALVEDTQVP EIHLSGKTTRPSQMTFVAEQSKMGASDVDDFLIPITSTQAITDVVATLK

Determination of copper sensitivity can be performed by any of the means known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods of Achard et al., 2010 (The multi-copper-ion oxidase CueO of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is required for systemic virulence. Infect Immun 78: 2312-2319) or de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996 (Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554).

Example 5: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing a Vibrio alginolyticus Multicopper Oxidase Protein

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 7: MDISRRRFLQSSLAISALTVLPACSLSRSTNKQGQYIYDITAEPSTAELV PGFNTDVLAFNGSIPAPTIRCRQGEKVIIRFINKLSEPTTIHWHGLRIPI EMDGVPFLSQPPIMPGETFVYEFTPPDAGTFWYHPHMNSVKQLGMGLVGL IIVEEAEPVLFDEEQEIVLKHWHLDKQGQWKNLMVPRLSARMGTPGEWSS VNGVHEPVYALKQNATTRLRIANVDNTITYPIAIEGAEAWVIAIDGNPVK APYKLIQHKIGPGMRLDVGLIAPKAGTRVYVRRMKGRFPFPLCEFDVVES DLPSNQKLPLLPLNPVPALDLKNAEQIDYVFEWEGAITPADKSGKAIPQF WLMNKRAWEGMSKDNIPAPLSTLEMGKTYIFNLKNVTQYHHPIHLHGHTF TVLELDGKKLDEPFHTDTVLLGKSGSAKAAFVADNPGRWMYHCHVIEHMK TGLMGYIEVK

Measurement of copper accumulation can utilize any of the methods known to those skilled in the art, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996, Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554), copper selective electrodes and mass spectroscopy (Berson and Lidstrom 1996, Study of copper accumulation by the Type I methanotroph Methylomicrobium albus BG8, Environ. Sci. Technol 30: 802-809.

Example 6: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing a Vibrio alginolyticus Copper/Silver Resistance Protein

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 8: MKTLKIATIALIVGGALGFGANHFLAGSTHDMSAMGGESAASSNDPLYWV APMDPNYKRDKPGKSPMGMDLIPVYAEDLSGEQDAPGTVTIDPSVENNLG VKTANATLQQLSPRIETVGYIAFDESLLWQTNVRVAGWVEKLYINAVGEK VKKGDVLFTLYSPELVKAQEELLNAYRTGRKGLVKGATERLVTLGVDRAQ IKSITRSGKASQTIEIKAPADGVIASLNVREGGYLSPAQAVISAGPLDNV WVDAEVFERQAHWMKAGSQATMILDAIPGNEWQGVVDYVYPILDPKTRTL RVRLKFPNPDGALKPNMFANIALQPVTDHAVLTIPKSSVIRSGGMTRVVL AEGEGKYRSARIEVGREAGEQIEVLQGLKQGDKIVISSHFMLDSESSQSA DLSRINGVEAAAETAWAKGEITDVMKDHRMLTINHQPVPEWDWPGMVMNF TFADGVEMGDLKKGQAIEFEMQKTESGQYQIIDYKADNSVIAAEVWLIGD ISMLMTDFGMITLNHLPVAEWNWDAGEMNFSVGEDVDLSGFEEGQKVRFL VEKQGSDYVLKQLVPATIAVEG

Example 7: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing the Pseudomonas syringae Copper Resistance Proteins

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequences below. It is understood that the sequences may be expressed as a polycistronic construct, whereby following each of the stop codons, a ribosomal binding site is positioned appropriately before the start codon for the next sequence using methods known to those skilled in the art.

SEQ ID NO: 9: CopA MESRTSRRTFVKGLAAAGVLGGLGLWRSPSWAASGSPALSVLSGTEFDLS IGEMPVNITGRRRTAMAINGGLPGPLLRWKEGDTVTLRVRNRLDAATSIH WHGIILPPNMDGVPGLSFAGIEPGGVYVYQFKVQQNGTYWYHSHSGFQEQ VGVYGPLVIEAKEPEPFKYDSEHVVMLTDWIDEDPVSLMRTLKKQSDYYN FHKRTVGDFVNDVADKGWAATVADRKMWAEMKMNPTDLADVSGATYTYLL NGQAPNMNWTGLFRPGEKLRLRFINGSAMTYFDIRIPGLKMTVVASDGQF VNPVEVDELRIAVAETFDVIVEPTAEAYTVFAQSMDRTGYARGTLAVREG LVAQVPPLDPRPLVTMDDMGMGGMDHGSMDGMSGMDSGADDGMQTMSSMG GDSMPAMDHSKMSTMQGMDHGAMSGMDHGAMGGMVMQSHPASENDNPLVD MQAMSPTAKLNDPGLGLRNNGRKVLTYADLKSTFEDPDGREPSRTIELHL TGHMEKFAWSFDGIKFADAQPLILKYGERVRIVLVNDTMMTHPIHLHGMW SDLEDEDGNFRVRKHTIDMPPGSKRSYRVTADALGRWAYHCHLLYHMEMG MFREVRVEE SEQ ID NO: 10: CopB MTVLNRLHVCSLLAVSSLGMLPVGVFAAEAAMPGVDHSQMQGMDHSKMQG MDHSQMQGMDHSKMQGMDHSQMQGMDSDMITMAPSKPAAPTQSRTPIAPV TDANRAAVYRSAKGHTVHDEAANYFLLFDQLEWQDADNGSVLNWDVNGWV GGDIDRLWIRSEGERTNGKTFSAELQALWGHAISPWWDLVGGVRQDFKPG SPQTWAAFGLQGLALYNFEAEATAFLGEGGQTGLRLEGDYDILLTNRLIL QPTAEVNFYGQSDPQRGIGSGLSETEVGVRLRYEIRREFAPYIGVTWNRS YGNTADFAREEGEDRSEARLVLGVRMWF SEQ ID NO: 11: CopC MLLNRTSFVTLFAAGMLVSALAQAHPKLVSSTPAEGSEGAAPAKIELHFS ENLVTQFSGAKLVMTAMPGMEHSPMAVKAAVSGGGDPKTMVITPASPLTA GTYKVDWRAVSSDTHPITGSVTFKVK SEQ ID NO: 12: CopD MEDPLSIAVRFALYTDLMMLFGLALFGLYSLRGAERRSGAVLPFRPLLSA TALIGLLLSVVSIVLMAKAMSGASEWLEAVPHAEMMVTQTELGTAWLIRM AALVGAAVTIAFNLRVPMASLLMVSLLGGVALATLAWIGHGAMDEGSRRF WHFSADILHLWSSGGWFGALVAFALMLRPNKVETLQSVQVLSRTLSGFER AGAVIVAFIVLSGVVNYLFIVGPQVSGVVESTYGVLLLGKLALFGLMVGL ASANRFVLSPAFERAVHRGEYARAARSIRYSMALELGAAVLVLGLIAWLG TLSPEMEAGM

These peptides are known to be encoded by the following sequence GenBank: M19930.1 (Mellano and Cooksey 1988, Nucleotide sequence and organization of copper resistance genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato J. Bacteriol. 170: 2879-2883).

SEQ ID NO: 13: ctgcagatactaaaaaaactgaaagctctaaggcatgttgctaaccaacg caggattcaagcttacagaaatgtaatcgcgccgcttacgatgctgtgac atcgtccactccagtaccttaaacccagtacacggcttaaatgccgtcct tgcctacctggacccgcgcgtatggaatcaagaacttctcgacgtacttt cgtcaaaggcctcgcggctgccggcgtgctaggtgggctaggcttgtggc gttcgcccagctgggcggcgtccggctcgccggcgctcagcgtgagagcg gtacggagttcgacctgtctattggcgagatgccggtaaacatcaccggc aggcgtcgcacagcgatggcgatcaatggcgggctgccgggccccctgct gcgctggaaagagggtgacactgtcacgctccgggtacgcaaccggctcg acgctgcaacctccatacactggcacggcattatcctgccgccgaacatg gacggcgttccaggactgagcttcgcgggcatcgagccgggtggcgtgta cgtctaccagttcaaggtccaacagaacgggacgtactggtaccacagcc actccggatttcaggagcaggtgggggtgtatggcccgctcgtcatcgag gcgaaagagcccgagcctttcaagtacgacagtgaacatgtggtgatgct gaccgactggacggatgaagatcccgtctcgctgatgcgtaccctcaaaa agcagtccgattactacaacttccacaagcgcacagtcggtgacttcgtc aacgatgtggctgataagggctgggccgcaaccgtcgcggatcgcaagat gtgggccgagatgaagatgaaccccacggaccttgcggacgtgagcgggg ccacctacacgtacctgctcaatggtcaggcccccaatatgaactggacc ggcttgttccgtcctggcgaaaagctgcgcctgcggttcatcaacggctc ggctatgacgtacttcgacatccgtattccaggcctgaaaatgaccgtgg tagcttcggatggccagttcgtgaacccggttgaggtcgatgaattacgc attgccgtggccgaaaccttcgatgtgatcgttgagcccactgccgaggc gtatacggtcatgctcaatccatggatcgcacgggctacgcccgcggcac cctagccgtgcgggaaggcttggtagcccaggtccccccccttgatcctc gtccgctggtcacgatggacgatatgggcatgggtggtatggaccatggc agcatggatggcatgagcggcatggattcgggtgccgacgacggcatgca gaccatgagcagcatggggggcgactccatgcccgccatggaccatagca aaatgtctaccatgcagggtatggaccacggcgctatgtcgggcatggac catggtgcgatgggcggcatggtgatgcagagccaccctgccagcgagaa cgacaacccgctggtggacatgcaggccatgagccctaccgccaagctga acgatcctggcctgggcctgcgtaataacgggcgcaaggtgctcacctat gccgaccttaaaagcaccttcgaagaccctgacgggcgtgagccgagccg gaccattgagctgcacctgaccgggcacatggaaaaatttgcatggtcgt ttgacggcatcaaattcgcggacgcccaacctctgatactcaaatacggc gaacgggtaagaatcgtgctggtgaatgacacgatgatgactcacccgat ccatctgcatgggatgtggagtgacttggaggacgaggacggaaacttca gggtgcgcaagcacaccattgatatgccgccaggctccaagcgcagctac cgtgtcaccgctgatgccctggggcgctgggcctatcactgtcacctgct ctaccacatggagatgggtatgttccgcgaagttcgggtagaggagtgag gccaatgactgattgaatagactccacgtagttcactgctcgcggtcagc agcctgggaatgctcccagtgggcgtgtagcggcagaggccgctatgccg ggcgtggaccacagccagatgcaaggcatggatcattccaagatgcaggg tatggaccacagccagatgcagggcatggatcattccaaaatgcagggta tggaccatagccagatgcagggcatggactcggacatgacgaccatggcc cccagcaagcctgcggcaccgacacaaagccgcacgcctattgcgcctgt caccgatgccaatcgggctgcggtctaccgaagtgccaaaggccacactg tccatgacgaagcagctaattatacctgctcttcgatcaactcgaatggc aggacgccgacaacggcagcgtccttaattgggacgttaacggctgggtg ggtggtgacatcgaccggctctggattcgctccgagggcgaacgtaccaa cggcaagaccgaatcggccgagctgcaagcgctgtggggccatgcgatca gtccaggtgggacctggtcggcggcgtccggcaggacttcaagccaggct cgccgcaaacctgggctgcatttggcctccagggcctcgctttatacaac ttcgaagccgaagcgactgcgtacttggtgaaggcggccaaaccgggtta aggctggaaggcgactacgacattagctgactaaccggctgatatacagc ccacggctgaggttaatactacggtcagagcgatcctcagcgcggcatcg gctctggcctgtctgaaaccgaagtcggcgtacgactgcgctacgaaatc cgccgcgagtagccccgtacattggcgtcacctggaaccgctcctacggc aatacagccgactagcccgcgaggaaggcgaggaccgcagcgaggcccgc ttagtcctgggcgtgcgcatgtggactgagccgactagtctgaaaatctg atcccccacgaacggccatttgggctgtaaggagttcgcatgagttgaac cgcacaagatcgtcacgctcatgccgctgggatgctggtcagcgcattgg cccaagcccaccccaagctggtgtcttcgactccggctgaaggtagtgaa ggcgcggcccctgccaagatcgagctgcatactccgaaaacctggttacc caattaccggcgcgaagctggtcatgacggcgatgccaggcatggaacac tcaccgatggcagtcaaagccgcggtatcgggcgggggtgaccccaagac catggtgattaccccggcctcacctctgacggcaggcacctacaaggtcg attggcgggcagtgtcaccgatacccacccgattaccggtagcgtgacga taaggtcaagtaaacatggaagatccgctcagcatcgcagttcgatcgcg ctgtataccgatttgatgatgctgacgggctggccctctaggccatacag cctacgcggcgcagaacgccgttcgggcgctgtattgccatcaggcccca ctgagcgcgaccgctttgatcggcctgctgagtcggagtctccattgtgc tcatggccaaagccatgagcggtgcgtctgaatggctagaggctgtgcct cacgccgagatgatggtgacgcagacggagcaggcactgcctggctcatc cgcatggccgcactggtgggggctgctgtgaccatcgccttcaaccttcg ggtgcccatggcaagcctgctgatggatcgctgctgggaggcgtggccct ggcgaccttggcctggacgggccacggggccatggacgaaggctcccggc gcttaggcacttcagcgcggacatccttcatctgtggtcctcgggcggct ggttcggcgcgctggtggcgtagcactgatgctgcggcccaacaaggtcg aaaccctacagtcagtccaggtgctgtcgcgcacgctcagcggatcgaac gggccggcgcggtgatcgtggcatcatcgtcctctcgggcgtggtgaact atctgacatcgtcggcccccaggtcagtggtgtggtggaaagcacctacg gggtgagctgctgggcaagctggcactgtaggccttatggtcggattggc ctcagctaaccgctagtcctgagcccggcgatgaacgggcggtccaccgg ggcgagtacgcgcgagcggcccgctcgatccgctacagcatggccctgga actgggcgccgccgtcaggtgagggcctgattgcctggcttggcacactg tcccctgagatggaagcggggatgtgagtgtgcctgaccctgattaccgt cacactgggccggtgccgtggagggtcgaacatgaaactgctggtagccg aagacgaacctaaaactggaatctatctgcag

Determination of copper sensitivity can be performed by any of the means known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods of Achard et al., 2010 (The multi-copper-ion oxidase CueO of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is required for systemic virulence. Infect Immun 78: 2312-2319) or de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996 (Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554).

Example 8: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing the Xanthomonas Copper Resistance Proteins

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequences of genes copL, copA, copB, copM copG copC, copD, and copF described by (Behlau 2011, Molecular Characterization of Copper Resistance Genes from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis, 77: 4089-4096) may be expressed as a polycistronic construct, whereby following each of the stop codons, a ribosomal binding site is positioned appropriately before the start codon for the next sequence using methods known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the promoter and genes from the inducible plasmid may be inserted into the chromosome using methods known to those skilled in the art.

Determination of copper sensitivity can be performed by any of the means known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods of Achard et al., 2010 (The multi-copper-ion oxidase CueO of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is required for systemic virulence. Infect Immun 78: 2312-2319) or de A. Ramos and Rosato 1996 (Copper accumulation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatorai, Brazilain Journal of Genetics 19: 551-554).

Example 9: A Tumor-Targeted Bacterium Expressing the Yersiniabactin Biosynthesis Genes

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequences of genes ybtE (irp5), ybtT, irp1 (HLMWP1), irp2 (HLMWP2),and ybrS (Irp9) described by (Parkhill et al., 2001, Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague Nature 413 (6855), 523-527) may be expressed as a polycistronic construct, whereby following each of the stop codons, a ribosomal binding site is positioned appropriately before the start codon for the next sequence using methods known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the promoter and genes from the inducible plasmid may be inserted into the chromosome using methods known to those skilled in the art.

SEQ ID NO: 14: YbtE MNSSFESLIEQYPLPIAEQLRHWAARYASRIAVVDAKGSLTYSALDAQVD ELAAGLSSLGLRSGEHVIVQLPNDNAFVTLLFALLRLGVIPVLAMPSQRA LDIDALIELAQPVAYVIHGENHAELARQMAHKHACLRHVLVAGETVSDDF TPLFSLHGERQAWPQPDVSATALLLLSGGITGTPKLIPRRHADYSYNFSA SAELCGISQQSVYLAVLPVAHNFPLACPGILGTLACGGKVVLTDSASCDE VMPLIAQERVTHVALVPALAQLWVQAREWEDSDLSSLRVIQAGGARLDPT LAEQVIATFDCTLQQVFGMAEGLLCFTRLDDPHATILHSQGRPLSPLDEI RIVDQDENDVAPGETGQLLTRGPYTISGYYRAPAHNAQAFTAQGFYRTGD NVRLDEVGNLHVEGRIKEQINRAGEKIAAAEVESALLRLAEVQDCAVVAA PDILLGERICAFIIAQQVPTIDYQQLRQQLTRMGLSAWKIPDQIEFLDHW PLTAVGKIDKKRLTALAVDRYRHSAQ SEQ ID NO: 15: YbtT MIQSAMCIPLWPARNGNTAHLVMCPFAGGSSSAFRHWQAEQLTDCALSLV IWPGRDRLRHLEPLRSITQLAALLANELEASVSPDTPLLLAGHSMGAQVA FETCRLLEQRGLAPQGLIISGCHAPHLHSERQLSHRDDADFIAELIDIGG CSPELRENQELMSLFLPLLRADFYATESYHYDSPDVCPPLRIPALLLCGS HDREASWQQVDAWRQWLSHVIGPVVIDGDHFYPIQQARSFFTQIVRHFPH AFSAMTALQKQPSTSER SEQ ID NO: 16: YbtU MMPSASPKQRVLIVGAKFGEMYLNAFMQPPEGLELVGLLAQGSARSRELA HAFGIPLYTSPEQIIRMPDIACIVVRSTVAGGTGTQLARHFLTRGVHVIQ EHPLHPDDISSLQTLAQEQGCCYWVNTFYPHTRAGRTWLRDAQQLRRCLA KTPPVVHATTSRQLLYSTLDLLLLALGVDAAAVECDVVGSFSDFHCLRLF WPEGEACLLLQRYLDPDDPDMHSLIMHRLLLGWPEGHLSLEASYGPVIWS SSLFVADHQENAHSLYRRPEILRDLPGLIRSAAPLSWRDCCETVGPEGVS WLLHQLRSHLAGEHPPAACQSVHQIALSRLWQQILRKIGNAEIRRLIPPH HDRLAGFYNDDDKEAL SEQ ID NO: 17: IrpI MDNLRFSSAPTADSIDASIAQHYPDCEPVAVIGYACHFPESPDGETFWQN LLEGRECSRRFTREELLAVGLDAAIIDDPHYVNIGTVLDNADCFDATLFG YSRQEAESMDPQQRLFLQAVWHALEHAGYAPGAVPHKTGVFASSRMSTYP GREALNVTEVAQVKGLQSLMGNDKDYIATRAAYKLNLHGPALSVQTACSS SLVAVHLACESLRAGESDMAVAGGVALSFPQQAGYRYQPGMIFSPDGHCR PFDASAEGTWAGNGLGCVVLRRLRDALLSGDPIISVILSSAVNNDGNRKV GYTAPSVAGQQAVIEEALMLAAIDDRQVGYIETHGTGTPLGDAIEIEALR NVYAPRPQDQRCALGSVKSNMGHLDTAAGIAGLLKTVLAVSRGQIPPLLN FHTPNPALKLEESPFTIPVSAQAWQDEMRYAGVSSFGIGGINCHMIVASL PDALNARLPNIDSGRKSTALLLSAASDSALRRLATDYAGALRENADASSL AFTALHARRLDLPFRLAAPLNRETAEALSAWAGEKSGALVYSGHGASGKQ VWLFTGQGSHWRIMGQIMYQHSTAFADTLDRCFSACSEMLIPSLREAMFN PDSAQLDNMAWAQPAIVAFEIAMAAHWRAEGLKPDFAIGHSVGEFAAAVV CGHYTIEQVMPLVCRRGALMQQCASGAMVAVFADEDTLMPLARQFELDLA ANNGTQHTVFSGPEARLAVFCATLSQHDINYRRLSVTGAAHSALLEPILD RFQDACAGLHAEPGQIPIISTLTADVIDESTLNQADYWRRHMRQPVRFIQ SIQVAHQLGARVFLEMGPDAQLVACGQREYRDNAYWIASARRNKEASDVL NQALLQLYAAGVALPWADLLAGDGQRIAAPCYPFDTERYWKERVSPACEP ADAALSAGLEVASRAATALDLPRLEALKQCATRLHAIYVDQLVQRCTGDA IENGVDAMTIMRRGRLLPRYQQLLQRLLNNCVVDGDYRCTIDGRYVRARP IEHQQRESLLTELAGYCEGFQAIPDTIARAGDRLYEMMSGAEEPVAIIFP QSASDGVEVLYQEFSFGRYFNQIAAGVLRGIVQTRQPRQPLRILEVGGGT GGTTAWLLPELNGVPALEYHFTDISALFTRRAQQKFADYDFVKYSELDLE KEAQSQGFQAQSYDLIVAANVIHATRHIGRILDNLRPLLKPGGRLLMREI TQPMRLFDFVFGPLVLPLQDLDAREGELFLTTAQWQQQCRHAGFSKVAWL PQDGSPTAGMSEHIILATLPGQAVSAVTFTAPSEPVLGQALTDNGDYLAD WSDCAGQPERFNARWQEAWRLLSQRHGDALPVEPPPVAAPEWLGKVRLSW QNEAFSRGQMRVEARHPTGEWLPLSPAAPLPAPQTHYQWRWTPLNVASID HPLIFSFSAGTLARSDELAQYGIIHDPHASSRLMIVEESEDTLALAEKVI AALTASAAGLIVVIRRAWRVEENEALSASHHALWALLRVAANEQPERLLA AIDLAENTPWETLHQGLSAVSLSQRWLAARGDTLWLPSLAPNTGCAAELP ANVFTGDSRWHLVTGAFGGLGRLAVNWLREKGARRIALLAPRVDESWLRD VEGGQTRVCRCDVGDAGQLATVLDDLAANGGIAGAIHAAGVLADAPLQEL DDHQLAAVFAVKAQAASQLLQTLRNHDGRYLILYSSAAATLGAPGQSAHA LACGYLDGLAQQFSTLDAPKTLSVAWGAWGESGRAATPEMLATLASRGMG ALSDAEGCWHLEQAVMRGAPWRLAMRVFTDKMPPLQQALFNISATEKAAT PVIPPADDNAFNGSLSDETAVMAWLKKRIAVQLRLSDPASLHPNQDLLQL GMDSLLFLELSSDIQHYLGVRINAERAWQDLSPHGLTQLICSKPEATPAA SQPEVLRHDADERYAPFPLTPIQHAYWLGRTHLIGYGGVACHVLFEWDKR HDEFDLAILEKAWNQUARHDMLRMVVDADGQQRILATTPEYHIPRDDLRA LSPEEQRIALEKRRHELSYRVLPADQWPLFELVVSEIDDCHYRLHMNLDL LQFDVQSFKVMMDDLAQVWRGETLAPLAITFRDYVMAEQARRQTSAWHDA WDYWQEKLPQLPLAPELPVVETPPETPHFTTFKSTIGKTEWQAVKQRWQQ QGVTPSAALLTLFAATLERWSRTTTFTLNLTFFNRQPIHPQINQLIGDFT SVTLVDFNFSAPVTLQEQMQQTQQRLWQNMAHSEMNGVEVIRELGRLRGS QRQPLMPVVFTSMLGMTLEGMTIDQAMSHLFGEPCYVFTQTPQVWLDHQV MESDGELMFSWYCMDNVLEPGAAEAMFNDYCAILQAVIAAPESLKTLASG IAGHIPRRRWPLNAQADYDLRDIEQATLEYPGIRQARAEITEQGALTLDI VMADDPSPSAAMPDEHELTQLALPLPEQAQLDELEATWRWLEARALQGIA ATLNRHGLFTTPEIAHRFSAIVQALSAQASHQRLLRQWLQCLTEREWLIR EGESWRCRIPLSEIPEPQEACPQSQWSQALAQYLETCIARHDALFSGQCS PLELLFNEQHRVIDALYRDNPASACLNRYTAQIAALCSAERILEVGAGTA ATTAPVLKATRNTRQSYHFTDVSAQFLNDARARFHDESQVSYALFDINQP LDFTAHPEAGYDLIVAVNVLHDASHVVQTLRRLKLLLKAGGRLLIVEATE RNSVFQLASVGFIEGLSGYRDFRRRDEKPMLIRSAWQEVLVQAGFANELA WPAQESSPLRQHLLVARSPGVNRPDKKAVSRYLQQRFGTGLPILQIRQRE ALFTPLHAPSDAPTEPAKPTPVAGGNPALEKQVAELWQSLLSRPVARHHD FFELGGDSLMATRMVAQLNRRGIARANLQDLFSHSTLSDFCAHLQAATSG EDNPIPLCQGDGEETLFVFHASDGDISAWLPLASALNRRVFGLQAKSPQR FATLDQMIDEYVGCIRRQQPHGPYVLAGWSYGAFLAAGAAQRLYAKGEQV RMVLIDPVCRQDFCCENRAALLRLLAEGQTPLALPEHFDQQTPDSQLADF ISLAKTAGMVSQNLTLQAAETWLDNIAHLLRLLTEHTPGESVPVPCLMVY AAGRPARWTPAETEWQGWINNADDAVIEASHWQIMMEAPHVQACAQHITR WLCATSTQPENTL SEQ ID NO: 18: Irp2 MISGAPSQDSLLPDNRHAADYQQLRERLIQELNLTPQQLHEESNLIQAGL DSIRLMRWLHWFRKNGYRLTLRELYAAPTLAAWNQLMLSRSPENAEEETP PDESSWPNMTESTPFPLTPVQHAYLTGRMPGQTLGGVGCHLYQEFEGHCL TASQLEQAITTLLQRHPMLHIAFRPDGQQVWLPQPYWNGVIVHDLRHNDA ESRQAYLDALRQRLSHRLLRVEIGETFDFQLTLLPDNRHRLHVNIDLLIM DASSFTLFFDELNALLAGESLPAIDTRYDFRSYLLHQQKINQPLRDDARA YWLAKASTLPPAPVLPLACEPATLREVRNTRRRMIVPATRWHAFSNRAGE YGVIPTMALATCFSAVLARWGGLTRLLLNITLFDRQPLHPAVGAMLADFT NILLLDTACDGDTVSNLARKNQLTFTEDWEHRHWSGVELLRELKRQQRYP HGAPVVFTSNLGRSLYSSRAESPLGEPEWGISQTPQVWIDHLAFEHHGEV WLQWDSNDALFPPALVETLFDAYCQLINQLCDDESAWQKPFADMMPASQR AIRERVNATGAPIPEGLLHEGIFRIALQQPQALAVTDMRYQWNYHELTDY ARRCAGRLIECGVQPGDNVAITMSKGAGQLVAVLAVLLAGAVYVPVSLDQ PAARREKIYADASVRLVLICQHDASAGSDDIPVLAWQQAIEAEPIANPVV RAPTQPAYIIYTSGSTGTPKGVVISHRGALNICCDINTRYQVGPHDRVLA LSALHFDLSVYDIFGVLRAGGALVMVMENQRRDPHAWCELIQRHQVTLWN SVPALFDMLLTWCEGFADATPENLRAVMLSGDWIGLDLPARYRAFRPQGQ FIAMGGATEASIWSNACEIHDVPAHWRSIPYGFPLINQRYRVVDEQGRDC PDWVPGELWIGGIGVAEGYFNDPLRSEQQFLTLPDERWYRTGDLGCYWPD GTIEFLGRRDKQVKVGGYRIELGEIESALSQLAGVKQATVLAIGEKEKTL AAYVVPQGEAFCVTDHRNPALPQAWHTLAGTLPCCAISPEISAEQVADFL QHRLLKLKPGHTAGADPLPLMNSLAIQPRWQAVVERWLAFLVTQRRLKPA AEGYQVCAGEEREDEHPHFSGHDLTLSQILRGARNELSLLNDAQWSPESL AFNHPASAPYIQELATICQQLAQRLQRPVRLLEVGIRTGRAAESLLAQLN AGQIEYVGLEQSQEMLLSARQRLAPWPGARLSLWNADTLAAHAHSADIIW LNNALHRLLPEDPGLLATLQQLAVPGALLYVMEFRQLTPSALLSTLLLIN GQPEALLHNSADWAALFSAAAFNCQHGDEVAGLQRFLVQCPDRQVRRDPR QLQAALAGRLPGWMVPQRIVFLDALPLTANGKIDYQALKRRHTPEAENPA EADLPQGDIEKQVAALWQQLLSIGNVTRETDFFQQGGDSLLATRLTGQLH QAGYEAQLSDLFNHPRLADFAATLRKTDVPVEQPFVHSPEDRYQPFALTD VQQAYLVGRQPGFALGGVGSHFFVEFEIADLDLTRLETVWNRLIARHDML RAIVRDGQQQVLEQTPPWVIPAHTLHTPEEALRVREKLAHQVLNPEVWPV FDLQVGYVDGMPARLWLCLDNLLLDGLSMQILLAELEHGYRYPQQLLPPL PVTFRDYLQQPSLQSPNPDSLAWWQAQLDDIPPAPALPLRCLPQEVETPR FARLNGALDSTRWHRLKKRAADAHLTPSAVLLSVWSTVLSAWSAQPEFTL NLTLFDRRPLHPQINQILGDFTSLMLLSWHPGESWLHSAQSLQQRLSQNL NHRDVSAIRVMRQLAQRQNVPAVPMPVVFTSALGFEQDNFLARRNLLKPV WGISQTPQVWLDHQIYESEGELRFNWDFVAALFPAGQVERQFEQYCALLN RMAEDESGWQLPLAALVPPVKHAGQCAERSPRVCPEHSQPHIAADESTVS LICDAFREVVGESVTPAENFFEAGATSLNLVQLHVLLQRHEFSTLTLLDL FTHPSPAALADYLAGVATVEKTKRPRPVRRRQRRI EXAMPLE 9: SEQ ID NO: 19: Irp9 (YbtS) MKISEFLHLALPEEQWLPTISGVLRQFAEEECYVYERQPCWYLGKGCQAR LHINADGTQATFIDDAGEQKWAVDSIADCARRFMAHPQVKGRRVYGQVGF NFAAHARGIAFNAGEWPLLTLTVPREELIFEKGNVTVYADSADGCRRLCE WVKEAGTTTQNAPLAVDTALNGEAYKQQVARAVAEIRRGEYVKVIVSRAI PLPSRIDMPATLLYGRQANTPVRSFMFRQEGREALGFSPELVMSVIGNKV VTEPLAGTRDRMGNPEHNKAKEAELLHDSKEVLEHILSVKEAIAELEAVC QPGSVVVEDLMSVRQRGSVQHLGSGVSGQLAENKDAWDAFTVLFPSITAS GIPKNAALNAIMQIEKTPRELYSGAILLLDDTRFDAALVLRSVFQDSQRC WIQAGAGIIAQSTPERELTETREKLASIAPYLMV

Example 10: Pharmaceutically Acceptable Formulations

Pharmaceutically acceptable formulations may be provided for delivery by other various routes e.g. by intramuscular injection, subcutaneous delivery, by intranasal delivery (e.g. WO2000/47222, U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,246), intradermal delivery (e.g. WO2002/074336, WO2002/067983, WO2002/087494, WO2002/0832149 WO2004/016281) by transdermal delivery, by transcutaneous delivery, by topical routes, etc. Injection may involve a needle (including a microneedle), or may be needle-free. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,452,531, 7,354,592, 6,962,696, 6,923,972, 6,863,894, 6,685,935, 6,475,482, 6,447,784, 6,190,657, 6,080,849 and 20030059400.

Bacterial vector vaccines are known, and similar techniques may be used for the present bacteria as for bacterial vaccine vectors (U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,419, Curtiss, In: New Generation Vaccines: The Molecular Approach, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., pages 161-188 and 269-288 (1989); and Mims et al, In: Medical Microbiology, Eds., Mosby-Year Book Europe Ltd., London (1993)). These known vaccines can enter the host, either orally, intranasally or parenterally. Once gaining access to the host, the bacterial vector vaccines express an engineered prokaryotic expression cassette contained therein that encodes a foreign antigen(s). Foreign antigens can be any protein (or part of a protein) or combination thereof from a bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogen that has vaccine properties (New Generation Vaccines: The Molecular Approach, supra; Vaccines and Immunotherapy, supra; Hilleman, Dev. Biol. Stand., 82:3-20 (1994); Formal et al, Infect. Immun. 34:746-751 (1981); Gonzalez et al, J. Infect. Dis., 169:927-931 (1994); Stevenson et al, FEMS Lett., 28:317-320 (1985); Aggarwal et al, J. Exp. Med., 172:1083-1090 (1990); Hone et al, Microbial. Path., 5:407-418 (1988); Flynn et al, Mol. Microbiol., 4:2111-2118 (1990); Walker et al, Infect. Immun., 60:4260-4268 (1992); Cardenas et al, Vacc., 11:126-135 (1993); Curtiss et al, Dev. Biol. Stand., 82:23-33 (1994); Simonet et al, Infect. Immun., 62:863-867 (1994); Charbit et al, Vacc., 11:1221-1228 (1993); Turner et al, Infect. Immun., 61:5374-5380 (1993); Schodel et al, Infect. Immun., 62:1669-1676 (1994); Schodel et al, J. Immunol., 145:4317-4321 (1990); Stabel et al, Infect. Immun., 59:2941-2947 (1991); Brown, J. Infect. Dis., 155:86-92 (1987); Doggett et al, Infect. Immun., 61:1859-1866 (1993); Brett et al, Immunol., 80:306-312 (1993); Yang et al, J. Immunol., 145:2281-2285 (1990); Gao et al, Infect. Immun., 60:3780-3789 (1992); and Chatfield et al, Bio/Technology, I0:888-892 (1992)). Delivery of the foreign antigen to the host tissue using bacterial vector vaccines results in host immune responses against the foreign antigen, which provide protection against the pathogen from which the foreign antigen originates (Mims, The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, Academic Press, London (1987); and New Generation Vaccines: The Molecular Approach, supra). See also: Formal et al, Infect. Immun., 34:746-751 (1981); Wick et al, Infect. Immun., 62:4542-4548 (1994)); Hone et al, Vaccine, 9:810-816 (1991); Tacket et al, Infect. Immun., 60:536-541 (1992); Hone et al, J. Clin. Invest., 90:412-420 (1992); Chatfield et al, Vaccine, 10:8-11 (1992); Tacket et al, Vaccine, I0:443-446 (1992); van Damme et al, Gastroenterol., 103:520-531 (1992) (Yersinia pestis), Noriega et al, Infect. Immun., 62:5168-5172 (1994) (Shigella spp), Levine et al, In: Vibrio cholerae, Molecular to Global Perspectives, Wachsmuth et al, Eds, ASM Press, Washington, D.C., pages 395-414 (1994) (Vibrio cholerae), Lagranderie et al, Vaccine, 11:1283-1290 (1993); Flynn, Cell. Molec. Biol., 40 (Suppl.I):31-36 (1994) (Mycobacterium strain BCG), Schafer et al, J. Immunol., 149:53-59 (1992) (Listeria monocytogenes).

In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the pharmaceutical compositions of the technology locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as silastic membranes, or fibers. In one embodiment, administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a malignant tumor or neoplastic or pre-neoplastic tissue.

The attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria comprising one or more primary effector molecules and optionally, one or more secondary effector molecules may be delivered in a controlled release system. The attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria comprising one or more fusion proteins of the technology and optionally, one or more effector molecules may also be delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; and Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem: 23:61 (1983); see also Levy et al., 1985, Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; and Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71:105). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).

Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990, Science 249:1527-1533) and may be used in connection with the administration of the attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria comprising one or more primary effector molecule(s) and optionally, one or more secondary effector molecule(s).

The technology also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the technology. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.

The present technology also provides methods for treating a solid tumor comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof, a pharmaceutical composition of the technology and at least one other known cancer therapy. In a specific embodiment, a human or animal with a solid tumor cancer is administered a pharmaceutical composition of the technology and at least one chemotherapeutic agent. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, cisplatin, ifosfamide, taxanes such as taxol and paclitaxol, topoisomerase I inhibitors (e.g., CPT-11, topotecan, 9-AC, and GG-211), gemcitabine, vinorelbine, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, vinorelbine, temodal, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracendione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, I-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin homologs, and cytoxan.

The present technology includes the sequential or concomitant administration of pharmaceutical composition of the technology and an anti-cancer agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent. In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the technology is administered prior to (e.g., 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 4 days, 6 days, 12 days, 14 days, 1 month or several months before) the administration of the anti-cancer agent. In another specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the technology is administered subsequent to (e.g., 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 4 days, 6 days, 12 days, 14 days, 1 month or several months after) the administration of an anti-cancer agent. In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the technology is administered concomitantly with an anti-cancer agent. The technology encompasses combinations of anti-cancer agents and attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria engineered to express one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more effector molecules and/or fusion proteins that are additive or synergistic.

The technology also encompasses combinations of anti-cancer agents and attenuated tumor-targeted bacteria engineered to express one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more effector molecules and/or fusion proteins that have different sites of action. Such a combination provides an improved therapy based on the dual action of these therapeutics whether the combination is synergistic or additive. Thus, the novel combinational therapy of the present technology yields improved efficacy over either agent used as a single-agent therapy.

In one embodiment, an animal with a solid tumor cancer is administered a pharmaceutical composition of the technology and treated with radiation therapy (e.g., gamma radiation or x-ray radiation). In a specific embodiment, the technology provides a method to treat or prevent cancer that has shown to be refractory to radiation therapy. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered concurrently with radiation therapy. Alternatively, radiation therapy may be administered subsequent to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the technology, preferably at least an hour, five hours, 12 hours, a day, a week, a month, more preferably several months (e.g., up to three months), subsequent to administration of a pharmaceutical composition.

The radiation therapy administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to the administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the technology can be administered by any method known in the art. Any radiation therapy protocol can be used depending upon the type of cancer to be treated. For example, but not by way of limitation, x-ray radiation can be administered; in particular, high-energy megavoltage (radiation of greater than 1 MeV energy) can be used for deep tumors, and electron beam and orthovoltage x-ray radiation can be used for skin cancers. Gamma ray emitting radioisotopes, such as radioactive isotopes of radium, cobalt and other elements may also be administered to expose tissues to radiation.

Additionally, the technology also provides methods of treatment of cancer with a Pharmaceutical composition as an alternative to radiation therapy where the radiation therapy has proven or may prove too toxic, i.e., results in unacceptable or unbearable side effects, for the subject being treated.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the technology are preferably tested in vitro, and then in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in vitro assays which can be used to determine whether administration of a specific pharmaceutical composition is indicated, include in vitro cell culture assays in which a patient tissue sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise administered a pharmaceutical composition, and the effect of such composition upon the tissue sample is observed.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the technology can be tested for their ability to augment activated immune cells by contacting immune cells with a test pharmaceutical composition or a control and determining the ability of the test pharmaceutical composition to modulate (e.g., increase) the biological activity of the immune cells. The ability of a test composition to modulate the biological activity of immune cells can be assessed by detecting the expression of cytokines or antigens, detecting the proliferation of immune cells, detecting the activation of signaling molecules, detecting the effector function of immune cells, or detecting the differentiation of immune cells. Techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used for measuring these activities. For example, cellular proliferation can be assayed by ³H-thymidine incorporation assays and trypan blue cell counts. Cytokine and antigen expression can be assayed, for example, by immunoassays including, but are not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as western blots, immunohisto-chemistry radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), “sandwich” immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, precipitin reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, protein A, immunoassays and FACS analysis. The activation of signaling molecules can be assayed, for example, by kinase assays and electromobility shift assays (EMSAs). The effector function of T-cells can be measured, for example, by a 51Cr-release assay (see, e.g., Palladino et al., 1987, Cancer Res. 47:5074-5079 and Blachere et al., 1993, J. Immunotherapy 14:352-356).

Pharmaceutical compositions of the technology can be tested for their ability to reduce tumor formation in animals suffering from cancer. Pharmaceutical compositions of the technology can also be tested for their ability to alleviate of one or more symptoms associated with a solid tumor cancer. Further, pharmaceutical compositions of the technology can be tested for their ability to increase the survival period of patients suffering from a solid tumor cancer. Techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to analyze the function of the pharmaceutical compositions of the technology in animals.

In various specific embodiments, in vitro assays can be carried out with representative cells of cell types involved in a solid tumor cancer, to determine if a pharmaceutical composition of the technology has a desired effect upon such cell types.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the technology for use in therapy can be tested in suitable animal model systems prior to testing in humans, including but not limited to rats, mice, chicken, cows, monkeys, pigs, dogs, rabbits, etc. For in vivo testing, prior to administration to humans, any animal model system known in the art may be used.

Example 11. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with ACE Inhibitors and Chloroquine

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including vascular agents and autophagy inhibitors. Methods and pharmaceutical compositions of the bacteria are those described above.

Optional pretreatment or simultaneous treatment of the patient may be conducted with a vascular agent such as an ACE inhibitor (e.g., lisinopril). Pretreatment is determined by a physician based upon the initial status of blood pressure, and dosed appropriately to reduce blood pressure within a level that is safe for the patient, and of a duration necessary to reduce blood pressure, which are known to those skilled in the art and can be determined by blood pressure analysis. This pretreatment is discontinued after administration of the bacteria.

Pretreatment of a patient may further be augmented with chloroquine alone or in combination with an ACE inhibitor, which may act both as a vascular normalization agent and an anti-autophagy agent. Chloroquine is used to treat both malaria and rheumatoid arthritis, and dosage is known to those skilled in the art.

Bacterial treatment may be simultaneous or post ACE inhibitor and chloroquine treatments. Measurement of antitumor efficacy may be done using methods known to those skilled in the art. A second pretreatment or simultaneous alone or in combination with the first pretreatment consists of chloroquine. Chloroquine is a known anti-malarial agent, and is administered according to appropriate dosages. This pretreatment may be sustained during the course of bacterial therapy.

Example 12. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with a Lectin Pathway Inhibitor as a YebF Fusion

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including lectin pathway inhibitors. Methods of expression on plasmids or inserted into the chromosome are described above.

A fusion of YebF using a commercially available yebF gene (pAES40; Athena Enzyme Systems), wherein a trypsin cleavage site of leucine and lysine amino acids (in bold) that results in release of the peptide during secretion/release is followed by the mature sequence of the lectin pathway inhibitor lpi (WO2005/005630) is inserted in-frame is shown in

SEQ ID NO: 20: MAKKRGAFLGLLLVSACASVFAANNETSKSVTFPKCEDLDAAGIAASVKR DYQQNRVARWADDQKIVGQADPVAWVSLQDIQGKDDKWSVPLAVRGKSAD IHYQVSVDCKAGMAEYQRRLEDDDDKGILKSTSLPTSNEYQNEKLANELK SLLDELNVNELATGSLNTYYKRTIKISGQKAMYALKSKDFKKMSEAKYQL QKIYNEIDEALKSKY

Alternatively, the sequence may lack the trypsin site and remain as a YebF fusion

SEQ ID NO: 21: MAKKRGAFLGLLLVSACASVFAANNETSKSVTFPKCEDLDAAGIAASVKR DYQQNRVARWADDQKIVGQADPVAWVSLQDIQGKDDKWSVPLAVRGKSAD IHYQVSVDCKAGMAEYQRRLEDDDDKGTSTSLPTSNEYQNEKLANELKSL LDELNVNELATGSLNTYYKRTIKISGQKAMYALKSKDFKKMSEAKYQLQK IYNEIDEALKSKY

It is understood that synthetic biology may be used for any of the sequences required, and that for example, the mature amino acid sequence may use a codon optimized nucleotide sequence that also eliminates low GC content

SEQ ID NO: 22: TCTACCAGCCTGCCGACCTCTAACGAATATCAAAACGAGAAACTGGCAAA CGAGCTGAAGAGTCTGCTGGATGAGCTGAACGTCAACGAGCTGGCGACCG GCTCCCTGAACACCTATTACAAACGTACTATTAAAATCAGCGGCCAGAAA GCAATGTATGCGCTAAAATCTAAAGACTTCAAAAAAATGTCTGAAGCTAA ATACCAGCTGCAGAAAATCTACAACGAAATCGATGAGGCGCTGAAAAGCA AATAT

Example 13. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with a Lectin Pathway Inhibitor as a Pseudomonas Ice Nucleation Protein Fusion

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including lectin pathway inhibitors. Methods of expression on plasmids or inserted into the chromosome are described above.

A fusion with the Pseudomonas ice nucleation protein (INP), wherein the N- and C-terminus of INP are provided with an internal deletion consisting of the first 308 amino acids is followed by the mature sequence of the lectin pathway inhibitor lpi (WO2005/005630; shown in bold) is inserted in-frame to result in the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 23: MILDKALVLRICANNMADHCGLIWPASGTVESRYWQSTRRHENGLVGLLW GAGTSAFLSVHADARWIVCEVAVADIISLEEPGMVKFPRAEVVHVGDRIS ASHFISARQADPASTSTSTSTSTLTPMPTAIPTPMPAVASVTLPVAEQAR HEVFDVASVSAAAAPVNTLPVTTPQNLQTATYGSTLSGDNHSRLIAGYGS NETAGNHSDLIGGHDCTLMAGDQSRLTAGKNSVLTAGARSKLIGSEGSTL SAGEDSTLIFRLWDGKRYRQLVARTGENGVEADIPYYVNEDDDIVDKPDE DDDWIEVKSTSLPTSNEYQNEKLANELKSLLDELNVNELATGSLNTYYKR TIKISGQKAMYALKSKDFKKMSEAKYQLQKIYNEIDEALKSKY

See also, Jung et al., 1998, Surface display of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase by using ice-nucleation protein of Pseudomonas syringae, Nature Biotechnology 16: 576-580; Kim et al., 2000, Bacterial surface display of an enzyme library for selective screening of improved cellulase variants, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 788-793; Part:BBa_K811003 from www.iGEM.org.

Example 14. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with a Complement Pathway Inhibitor as a YebF Fusion

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including complement pathway inhibitors. Methods of expression on plasmids or inserted into the chromosome are described above.

A fusion of YebF using a commercially available yebF gene (pAES40; Athena Enzyme Systems), wherein a trypsin cleavage site of leucine and lysine amino acids (in bold) that results in release of the peptide during secretion/release is followed by the mature sequence of the complement pathway inhibitor lpi (WO2005/005630) is inserted in-frame is shown in

SEQ ID NO: 24: MAKKRGAFLGLLLVSACASVFAANNETSKSVTFPKCEDLDAAGIAASVKR DYQQNRVARWADDQKIVGQADPVAWVSLQDIQGKDDKWSVPLAVRGKSAD IHYQVSVDCKAGMAEYQRRLEDDDDKGILKSSLDKYLTESQFHDKRIAEE LRILLNKSNVYALAAGSLNPYYKRTIMMNEYRAKAALKKNDFVSMADAKV ALEKIYKEIDEIINR

Alternatively, the sequence may lack the trypsin site and remain as a YebF fusion

SEQ ID NO: 25: MAKKRGAFLGLLLVSACASVFAANNETSKSVTFPKCEDLDAAGIAASVKR DYQQNRVARWADDQKIVGQADPVAWVSLQDIQGKDDKWSVPLAVRGKSAD IHYQVSVDCKAGMAEYQRRLEDDDDKGTSSLDKYLTESQFHDKRIAEELR TLLNKSNVYALAAGSLNPYYKRTIMMNEYRAKAALKKNDFVSMADAKVAL EKIYKEIDEIINR

Example 15. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with a Complement Pathway Inhibitor as a Pseudomonas Ice Nucleation Protein Fusion

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including complement pathway inhibitors. Methods of expression on plasmids or inserted into the chromosome are described above.

A fusion with the Pseudomonas ice nucleation protein (INP), wherein the N- and C-terminus of INP with an internal deletion consisting of the first 308 amino acids is followed by the mature sequence of the lectin pathway inhibitor lpi (WO2005/005630; shown in bold) is inserted in-frame tor result in the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 26: MILDKALVLRICANNMADHCGLIWPASGTVESRYWQSTRRHENGLVGLLW GAGTSAFLSVHADARWIVCEVAVADIISLEEPGMVKFPRAEVVHVGDRIS ASHFISARQADPASTSTSTSTSTLTPMPTAIPTPMPAVASVTLPVAEQAR HEVFDVASVSAAAAPVNTLPVTTPQNLQTATYGSTLSGDNHSRLIAGYGS NETAGNHSDLIGGHDCTLMAGDQSRLTAGKNSVLTAGARSKLIGSEGSTL SAGEDSTLIFRLWDGKRYRQLVARTGENGVEADIPYYVNEDDDIVDKPDE DDDWIEVKSSLDKYLTFSQFHDKRIAEELRTLLNKSNVYALAAGSLNPYY KRTIMMNEYRAKAALKKNDFVSMADAKVALEKIYKEIDEIINR

Example 16. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with a Tumor-Penetrating Peptide as a YebF Fusion

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including bacteria that express one or more tumor-penetrating peptides. Methods of expression on plasmids or inserted into the chromosome are described above.

A fusion of YebF using a commercially available yebF gene (pAES40; Athena Enzyme Systems), wherein a trypsin cleavage site of leucine and lysine amino acids (in bold) that results in release of the peptide during secretion/release is followed by the sequence of the tumor-penetrating peptide

SEQ ID NO: 27: MAKKRGAFLGLLLVSACASVFAANNETSKSVTFPKCEDLDAAGIAASVKR DYQQNRVARWADDQKIVGQADPVAWVSLQDIQGKDDKWSVPLAVRGKSAD IHYQVSVDCKAGMAEYQRRLEDDDDKGTLKCRGDKGPDC

Alternatively, the sequence may lack the trypsin site and remain as a YebF fusion

SEQ ID NO: 28: MAKKRGAFLGLLLVSACASVFAANNETSKSVTFPKCEDLDAAGIAASVKR DYQQNRVARWADDQKIVGQADPVAWVSLQDIQGKDDKWSVPLAVRGKSAD IHYQVSVDCKAGMAEYQRRLEDDDDKGTCRGDKGPDC

Example 17. Combinations of Tumor-Targeted Salmonella with a Tumor-Penetrating Peptide as a Pseudomonas Ice Nucleation Protein Fusion

Treatment with tumor targeted Salmonella that reduce available copper, tumor-targeted Salmonella that express a cytotoxic protein, or treatment with other tumor-targeted bacteria may be enhanced with combinations including expression of a tumor-penetrating peptide. Methods of expression on plasmids or inserted into the chromosome are described above.

A fusion with the Pseudomonas ice nucleation protein (INP), wherein the N- and C-terminus of INP with an internal deletion consisting of the first 308 amino acids is followed by the mature sequence of the tumor-penetrating peptide is inserted in-frame to result in the amino acid sequence

SEQ ID NO: 29: MILDKALVLRICANNMADHCGLIWPASGTVESRYWQSTRRHENGLVGLLW GAGTSAFLSVHADARWIVCEVAVADIISLEEPGMVKFPRAEVVHVGDRIS ASHFISARQADPASTSTSTSTSTLTPMPTAIPTPMPAVASVTLPVAEQAR HEVFDVASVSAAAAPVNTLPVTTPQNLQTATYGSTLSGDNHSRLIAGYGS NETAGNHSDLIGGHDCTLMAGDQSRLTAGKNSVLTAGARSKLIGSEGSTL SAGEDSTLIFRLWDGKRYRQLVARTGENGVEADIPYYVNEDDDIVDKPDE DDDWIEVKCRGDKGPDC

Example 18. Treatment of Wilson's Disease with Copper-Sequestering Bacteria

Treatment with attenuated Salmonella (or probiotic bacteria such as E. coli Nissle 1917) that colonize the gut, and sequester available copper, may be used to treat Wilson's Disease, Menke's Disease, or certain neurological diseases that may be associated with copper metabolism defects, such as the putative association with Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and other prion-associated conditions. The probiotic bacteria may be Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces (e.g., Saccharomyces boulardii), Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, or Escherichia coli. See, Fijan, Sabina. “Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature.” International journal of environmental research and public health vol. 11.5 4745-67. 5 May 2014, doi:10.3390/ijerph110504745. The dosage form may be, for example, yogurt or lyophilized bacteria in capsule form.

The bacteria may produce a wild type or homologous copper-sequestering siderophores, or be genetically engineered to express a heterologous copper sequestering peptide. Bacteria having a desired growth pattern may be genetically engineered to express known heterologous copper-binding proteins or motifs from other organisms, and indeed, multiple different types of binding peptides or binding systems may be produced in the same organism. Further, compatible co-cultures of various strains of bacteria may be coadministered.

The expression plasmid of Example 1 above is used to operably link a DNA encoding the amino acid sequences of genes copL, copA, copB, copM copG, copC, copD, and copF described by (Behlau 2011, Molecular Characterization of Copper Resistance Genes from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis, 77: 4089-4096) may be expressed as a polycistronic construct, whereby following each of the stop codons, a ribosomal binding site is positioned appropriately before the start codon for the next sequence using methods known to those skilled in the art Alternatively, the promoter and genes from the inducible plasmid may be inserted into the chromosome using methods known to those skilled in the art.

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For example:

Lactobacilli Bifidobacteria Other LAB Non-LAB Lactobacillus Bif. breve Enteroccus Bacillus cereus acidophilus faecium Lb. casei/ Bif. longum Enteroccus Bacillus coagulans paracasei ssp. infantis faecalis Lb. delbrueckii Bif. longum Lactococcus Clostridium ssp. bulgaricus ssp. longum lactis butyricum Lb. johnsonii Bif. Streptococcus Escherichia coli adolescentis thermophilus Lb. reuterii Bif. animalis Propionibacterium ssp. lactis freudenreichii Lb. rhambosus Bif. bifidum Saccharomyces boulardii Lb. salivarius Lb. paracasei Lb. fermentum Lb. plantarum Lb. crispatus Lb. gasseri Lb. amylovorus

Each reference cited herein is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety. Such references provide examples representing aspects of the invention, uses of the invention, disclosure of the context of the invention and its use and application. The various aspects disclosed herein, including subject matter incorporated herein by reference, may be employed, in combination or subcombination and in various permutations, consistent with the claims.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiment is to be considered in all respects only illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather by the foregoing description. All changes that fall within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, comprising: at least one heterologous copper binding protein gene which causes the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express at least one heterologous copper binding protein, wherein the at least one heterologous copper binding protein is capable of reducing copper ion availability external to the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium; and at last one genetically engineered copper resistance or sensitivity suppressor gene which causes the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express a copper resistance or sensitivity suppressor product, the copper resistance or sensitivity suppressor product being effective to increase resistance or reduce sensitivity of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to copper ions.
 2. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, adapted to colonize a mammalian tissue with persistence of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium in the mammalian tissue for at least one day, and to accumulate copper within the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium.
 3. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 2, adapted to selectively colonize a mammalian neoplastic tissue, wherein the of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium persists in the mammalian neoplastic tissue for at least one day, and wherein the at least one heterologous copper binding protein is effective to bind copper ions in the mammalian neoplastic tissue.
 4. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 3, wherein the reduction of copper ion availability by the expressed at least one heterologous copper binding protein reduces angiogenesis in the colonized mammalian metastatic cancerous tissue.
 5. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the at least one heterologous copper binding protein is derived from Vibrio alginolyticus.
 6. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the at last one genetically engineered copper resistance gene causes the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express a heterologous Vibrio alginolyticus copper resistance protein.
 7. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium further expresses a heterologous copper resistance protein.
 8. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the at least one heterologous copper binding protein is a copper-binding siderophore, and the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium is adapted to colonize and persist within a host organism with persistence of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium in the host organism for at least one day, and reduce copper ion availability to cells of the host organism.
 9. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the host organism has a defect of copper metabolism, and wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium is adapted to colonize and persist within the host organism for at least one day and reduce copper ion availability to cells of the host organism, and wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, when administered to the host organism in a therapeutically effective amount, is effective to treat a disease associated with the defect of copper metabolism.
 10. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 9, wherein the host organism has a defect in copper metabolism caused by a defect in the ATP7A or ATP7B gene, and wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, when administered to the host organism in a therapeutically effective amount, is effective to treat a disease associated with the defect in the ATP7A or ATP7B gene.
 11. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, further comprising at least one gene which causes the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express a cytotoxic protein.
 12. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium is of the species E. coli.
 13. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the at least one heterologous copper binding protein is selected from the group consisting of methanobactin, yersiniabactin, Vibrio alginolyticus copper binding protein, plastocyanin, amicyanin, auracyanin A, auracyanin B, Alcaligenes blue copper protein, cupredoxin, halocyanin, rusticyaninstellacyanin, umecyanin, aerobactin, salmonchelin, and ceruloplasmin.
 14. A pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for human administration, comprising: (a) a live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, comprising: (i) at least one heterologous copper binding protein gene which results in expression of a heterologous copper binding protein, the expression of the heterologous copper binding protein by the live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium being capable of reducing copper ion availability in its environment; and (ii) at least one genetically engineered copper resistance or sensitivity suppressor gene which causes the live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to express a copper resistance or sensitivity suppressor product, the copper resistance or sensitivity suppressor product being effective to increase resistance or reduce sensitivity of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to copper ions, the live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium being a probiotic bacterium adapted to replicate in an enteric organ of a human; (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and (c) a sealed container, the live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium and the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient being provided together in the sealed container as a unit dosage form for administration to the human.
 15. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation according to claim 14, wherein the heterologous copper binding protein is a chimeric protein comprising a copper ion binding portion and a secretion peptide portion that interacts with a secretion system of the live replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to promote secretion of the chimeric protein from the live genetically engineered bacterium into the environment.
 16. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation according to claim 14, wherein the live genetically engineered bacterium is selected from the group consisting of: Salmonella, E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidus breve, Enteroccus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidus longum ssp. infantis, Enteroccus faecalis, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Bifidus longum ssp. longum, Lactococcus lactis, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bifidus adolescentis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus reuterii, Bifidus animalis ssp. lactis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidus bifidum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus amylovorus.
 17. A method of treating a patient having an excess of copper in his or her tissue, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 9 to the patient; wherein an enteric tissue of the patient is colonized by the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium, and wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium persists within the enteric tissue of the patient for at least one day; thereby effectively reducing availability of the copper from dietary sources to the patient by chelation of the copper ions by the at least one heterologous copper binding protein, which treats the excess of copper.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium is effective to treat Wilson disease or Menke's disease.
 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium is an antibiotic-sensitive bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Salmonella, E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidus breve, Enteroccus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidus longum ssp. infantis, Enteroccus faecalis, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Bifidus longum ssp. longum, Lactococcus lactis, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bifidus adolescentis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus reuterii, Bifidus animalis ssp. lactis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidus bifidum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus amylovorus.
 20. The live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium according to claim 1, wherein the at least one heterologous copper binding protein comprises a chimeric protein comprising a copper binding peptide portion and a secretion peptide portion, wherein the secretion peptide portion interacts with a secretion system of the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium to cause secretion of the copper binding peptide portion external to the live, replication competent genetically engineered bacterium. 